Chinas social security white paper full text.docx
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Chinassocialsecuritywhitepaperfulltext
China'ssocialsecuritywhitepaper(fulltext)
I.Old-AgeInsurance
Chinaisnowanagingsociety.Astheagingofthepopulationquickens,thenumberofelderlypeopleisbecomingverylarge.Thistrendwillreachitspeakinthe2030s.Toguaranteethebasiclivingstandardsoftheelderlyandsafeguardtheirlegitimaterightsandinterests,theChineseGovernmenthascontinuouslyimprovedtheold-ageinsurancesystemandreformedthefund-raisingmodeinanattempttoestablishamulti-levelold-ageinsurancesystemmarkedbysustainabledevelopment.PromotingtheDevelopmentofaBasicOld-AgeInsuranceSystemforEmployeesinUrbanAreas
--Reformingthebasicold-ageinsurancesystemforenterpriseemployeesinurbanareas.In1997,theChineseGovernmentunifiedthebasicold-ageinsurancesystemforenterpriseemployeesinurbanareasacrossthecountrybyimplementingasocial-pool-plus-personal-accountsscheme.Enterpriseemployeeswhohavereachedretirementageasprovidedbylaw(60formaleemployees,55forfemalecadresand50forfemaleworkers)andwhohavepaidtheirshareofthepremiumsfor15yearsormoreshallbeentitledtocollectabasicold-agepensioneverymonthafterretirement.Thebasicold-agepensionconsistsoftwoparts:
basepensionandpensionfrompersonalaccount.Themonthlysumofthebasepensionistantamounttoabout20percentofanemployee'saveragemonthlywageinthatareainthepreviousyear.Themonthlypensionsumfromthepersonalaccountis1/120ofthetotalaccumulatedsuminthepersonalaccount(11percentofanemployee'swagebeingdepositedeverymonthinthepensionsection).Thestateadjuststhelevelofthebasicold-agepensionwithreferencetothepriceindexoflivingexpensesforurbanresidentsandemployees'payincreases.In2003,themonthlybasicpensionforenterpriseretireescoveredbythebasicold-ageinsuranceschemewas621yuanonaverage.
--Expandingthecoverageofbasicold-ageinsurance.Initially,China'sbasicold-ageinsurancecoveredonlystate-ownedenterprisesandcollectively-ownedenterprisesinurbanareasandtheiremployees.In1999,thiscoveragewasexpandedtoincludeforeign-investedenterprises,privateenterprisesandothertypesofenterprisesinurbanareas,aswellastheiremployees.Allprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentcanmakeprovisionstoincludepersonsengagedinindividualbusinessesofindustryorcommerceinthebasicold-ageinsuranceinaccordancewiththespecificconditionsintheirlocalities.In2002Chinaexpandeditsbasicold-ageinsurancecoveragetoallthosewhowereemployedinaflexiblemannerinurbanareas.In2003,thenumberofpeopleparticipatinginthebasicold-ageinsuranceschemeacrossChinareached155.06million,116.46millionofwhomwereemployees.
--Undertakingexperimentalreformsinselectedareastoimprovethebasicold-ageinsurancesystem.In2001,theChineseGovernmentbegantocarryoutpilotprojectsalongthisline.Thereformincludes:
graduallyestablishingpersonalaccountssothatfundscanbeaccumulated,andprobingwaysofpreservingandincreasingthevalueofthefunds;changingthewaythebasepensioniscalculatedandpaid,wherebytheamountofbasepensionismorecloselylinkedtothelengthoftimeoftheemployee'spremiumpayment,andifanemployeehasparticipatedinthebasicold-ageinsuranceprogramandpaidthepremiumsfor15years,heorshewillbeentitledtoahigherrateofpensionforeveryadditionalyearofpayment;unifyingtheproceduresofpremiumpaymentbythosewhoareemployedinaflexiblemanner,wherebythebaseoftheirpremiumpaymentisuniformlysetat20percentoftheaveragewageoflocalemployees.ThepilotprojectwasfirstconductedinLiaoningProvince,andhasbeenexpandedtoJilinandHeilongjiangprovincesin2004.
--Probingthereformoftheretirementsystemofgovernmentagenciesandpublicinstitutions.InChinatheretirementandpensionsystemingovernmentagenciesandpublicinstitutionsisdifferentfromthatappliedinenterprises.In2003,therewere670,000retireeswhohadjoinedtherevolutionaryranksbeforeOctober1949and9,310,000otherretireesfromtheseagenciesandinstitutions.Inthe1990s,somelocalitiesinChinabegantoprobetheproceduresofreformingtheretirementsysteminsuchagenciesandinstitutions.Pilotprojectswereconductedtoraisetheretirementpensionfundsthroughthesocialpoolprogram.Bytheendof2003,some11.99millionemployeesand2.58millionretireeshadparticipatedinsuchpilotprojects.
RaisingFundsforBasicOld-AgeInsuranceThroughMultipleChannels
Astheagingofthepopulationquickensandthenumberofretireesincreasessteadily,thepressureonthepaymentoffundsforbasicold-ageinsuranceisbecomingevergreater.Inordertomakesurethatbasicpensionsarepaidinfullandontime,theChineseGovernmentisraisingsuchfundsthroughmultiplechannels.
--Practicingjointpremiumpaymentbybothenterprisesandemployees.Generallythepremiumspaidbyenterpriseswillnotexceed20percentofthetotalwagebilloftheenterprise,withthespecificproportionbeingdeterminedbythepeople'sgovernmentsofprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment.Individualemployeespayeightpercentoftheirwagesaspremiums,whereasself-employedindividualsandthosewhoareemployedinaflexiblemannerinurbanareaspayanamountequaltoabout18percentoftheaveragewageintheirlocality.In2003,thebasicold-ageinsurancepremiumpaidbyenterprisesnationwidetotaled259.5billionyuan.
--Increasingthesubsidyoutlayfromthegovernmentfinancialbudgetforbasicold-ageinsurancefunds.Thestatehascalledupongovernmentsatalllevelstoincreasethemomentumofrestructuringtheirfinancialexpenditureandraisetheirinputintosocialsecurity.In2003,statebudgetsatalllevelscontributed54.4billionyuantowardbasicold-ageinsurancefunds,ofwhich47.4billionyuancamefromthecentralbudget.
--Establishinganationalsocialsecurityfund.In2000,theChineseGovernmentdecidedtocreateanationalsocialsecurityfund.Itssourcesinclude:
fundsacquiredfromreducingstateshareholding,stockownershipassets,fundsfromthecentralbudget,fundsraisedbyothermeansapprovedbytheStateCouncil,andinvestmentreturns.ThenationalsocialsecurityfundisadministeredbytheNationalSocialSecurityFundExecutiveCouncil,andisoperatedonmarketprinciplesinaccordancewiththeproceduresandrequirementsprescribedbythe"InterimMeasuresfortheManagementoftheInvestmentoftheNationalSocialSecurityFund."Thenationalsocialsecurityfundprovidesanimportantfinancialreservefortheimplementationofold-ageinsuranceandothersocialsecurityprograms.Bytheendof2003,ithadaccumulatedover130billionyuan.
PromotingtheSocializationofManagementandServicesforOld-AgeInsurance
Inthepast,Chineseenterpriseswereresponsibleforboththeissuanceofbasicpensionstotheirownretireesandtheadministrationofthoseretirees.Now,toensurethatallretireesreceivetheirbasicpensionsinfullandontime,andlessentheburdenofsocialaffairsonenterprises,thegovernmentisactivelypracticingthedeliveryofbasicpensionsbysocialserviceinstitutions.Attheendof2003,thebasicpensionsofretireesfromenterpriseswerealldeliveredbysocialserviceinstitutions,and84.5percentofthoseretireeswereundertheadministrationofsuchinstitutions.
In2003,theChineseGovernmentbegantoimplementaninformation-basedlaborsecurityproject,orpopularlycalled"goldensocialsecurityproject,"inordertoraisetheoverallmanagementlevelofsocialinsuranceandtomeettheneedsofthefloatinglaborforcetocontinuewiththeirsocialinsurancecoverageoncetheychangejobs.Thegoaloftheprojectistorealizecomputer-basednetworkingofsocialsecurityinformationacrossthecountry.Sofarthenetworkingofold-ageinsuranceinformationbetweentheCentralGovernmentandtheprovinceshasbeeninitiallyeffected.
EstablishingaMulti-LevelOld-AgeInsuranceSystem
Inrecentyears,theChineseGovernmenthasmadegreateffortstobuildamulti-levelold-ageinsurancesystem.Inadditiontoparticipatinginthecompulsorybasicold-ageinsurance,enterpriseswithsuitableconditionsmaysetupannuitiesfortheiremployees.Bothenterprisesandindividualswillcontributetothisannuity,whichwillbeaccumulatedwhollyforthatspecificpurposeandmanagedintheformofpersonalaccounts.Theenterpriseannuityfundswillbemanagedandoperatedinaccordancewiththemarketmechanism.In2003,nearlysevenmillionpeopleparticipatedintheenterpriseannuityprogram.Inaddition,thestatealsoencouragespersonalsavingsforoldage.
Thefirsttwodecadesofthe21stcenturywillbeacriticalperiodinthedevelopmentofChina'sold-ageinsurance.Thestatewillfurtherimprovethebasicold-ageinsurancesystemthatcombinessocialpoolandpersonalaccounts,andgraduallyconsolidatethelatter.Basicold-ageinsurancewillextendtocoveralleligibleemployeesinurbanareas,andattheprovincialleveltheestablishmentandimprovementofregulatingfundsforold-ageinsurancewillbecarriedout.Socialpoolatthecitylevelshallbeimprovedandgraduallyraisedtothatattheprovinciallevel.
II.UnemploymentInsurance
Whilepromotingthereformoftheenterpriseemploymentsystemandsettingupamarket-orientedemploymentmechanism,theChineseGovernmentisspeedingupthedevelopmentandimprovementofanunemploymentinsuran