英语国家社会与文化入门---美国经济.ppt

英语国家社会与文化入门---美国经济.ppt

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,AmericanEconomy,IndustrialRevolution,Contents,Introductionofthefactorysystem,“Americansystem”ofmassproduction,TheapplicationofnewtechnologiestoIndustrialtasks,Emergenceofnewformsofbusinessorganization,Fourdevelopments,SamuelSlaterEliWhitney,Sewingmachines,thetelegraph,railroads,telephone.,inthe19thcentury,greatimportancetotheeconomicfutureoftheUnitedStates.,Overviewofinventionsandinventors,CottonandCloth,InterchangeableParts,FromAgriculturetoCities.,Americanindustrialrevolution,

（1）transportationwasexpanded,

（2）electricitywaseffectivelyharnessed,TheIndustrialRevolutionthatoccurredinthe19thcenturywasofgreatimportancetotheeconomicfutureoftheUnitedStates.ThreeindustrialdevelopmentsledthewaytoIndustrializationinAmerica:

（3）improvementsweremadetoindustrialprocesses.,SamuelSlater,anearlyAmericanindustrialist,theFatheroftheAmericanFactorySystem,broughtBritishtextiletechnologytoAmerica,SamuelSlater（17681835）popularlycalledTheFatheroftheAmericanIndustrialrevolution,SlaterMill,EliWhitney,Careerinventions,Interchangeableparts,Cottongin,Millingmachine,CottonGinPatent.Itshowssawtoothginblades,whichwerenotpartofWhitneysoriginalpatent,Improvementsonamusketlock.DrawingbyEliWhitney,1816,CottonandCloth,In1794,EliWhitneyinventedthecottonginwhichmadetheseparationofcottonseedsfromfibermuchfaster.TheSouthincreaseditscottonsupplysendingrawcottonnorthtobeusedinthemanufactureofcloth.FrancisC.Lowellincreasedtheefficiencyinthemanufactureofclothbybringingspinningandweavingprocessestogetherintoonefactory.ThisledtothedevelopmentofthetextileindustrythroughoutNewEngland.In1846,EliasHowecreatedthesewingmachinewhichrevolutionizedthemanufactureofclothing.Allofasudden,clothingbegantobemadeinfactoriesasopposedtoathome.,EliWhitneycameupwiththeideatouseinterchangeablepartsin1798tomakemuskets（步枪）.Ifstandardpartsweremadebymachine,thentheycouldbeassembledattheendmuchmorequicklythanbefore.ThisbecameanimportantpartofAmericanindustryandtheSecondIndustrialRevolution.,InterchangeableParts,Asindustriesandfactoriesarose,peoplemovedfromfarmstocities.Thisledtootherissuesincludingovercrowdinganddisease.However,advancesweremadeinagriculturetooincludingbettermachinesandcultivators.Forexample,CyrusMcCormickcreatedthereaperwhichallowedquickerandcheaperharvestingofgrain.JohnDeerecreatedthefirststeelplowin1837helpingspeedupfarmingacrosstheMidwest.,FromAgriculturetoCities,CommunicationandtheIndustrialRevolution,WiththeincreasedsizeoftheUnitedStates,bettercommunicationnetworksbecameultraimportant.In1844,SamuelF.B.Morsecreatedthetelegraphandby1860,thisnetworkrangedthroughouttheeasterncoasttotheMississippi.,Transportation,TheCumberlandRoad,thefirstnationalroad,wasbegunin1811.ThiseventuallybecamepartoftheInterstate40.Further,rivertransportationwasmadeefficientthroughthecreationofthefirststeamboat,theClermont,byRobertFulton.ThiswasmadepossiblebyJamesWattsinventionofthefirstreliablesteamengine.ThecreationoftheErieCanal（伊利运河）createdaroutefromtheAtlanticOceantotheGreatLakestherebyhelpingstimulatetheeconomyofNewYorkandmakingNewYorkCityagreattradingcenter.,RailroadswereofsupremeimportancetotheincreaseintradethroughouttheUnitedStates.Infact,bythestartoftheCivilWar,railroadslinkedthemostimportantMidWestcitieswiththeAtlanticcoast.Railroadsfurtheropenedthewestandconnectedrawmaterialstofactoriesandmarkets.Atranscontinentalrailroadwascompletedin1869atPromontory,Utah.WiththegreatadvancesoftheIndustrialRevolution,inventorscontinuedtoworkthroughouttherestofthe19thandearly20thcenturyonwaystomakelifeeasierwhileincreasingproductivity.Thefoundationssetthroughoutthemid-1800ssetthestageforinventionssuchasthelightbulb（ThomasEdison）,telephone（AlexanderBell）,andtheautomobile（KarlBenz）.Further,FordscreationoftheassemblylinewhichmademanufacturingmoreefficientjusthelpedformAmericaintoamodernindustrializednation.Theimpactoftheseandotherinventionsofthetimecannotbeunderestimated,Top10SignificantIndustrialRevolutionInventors,1.ThomasEdison,2.SamuelF.B.Morse,3.AlexanderGrahamBell,4.EliasHowe/IsaacSinger,5.CyrusMcCormick,6.GeorgeEastman,TheMcCormickReaper,7.CharlesGoodyear,8.NikolaTesla,9.GeorgeWestinghouse,10.Dr.RichardGatling,特斯拉死光与无限远距离传输1亿伏电装置,WestinghouseEarlyACSystem1887（U.S.Patent373,035）,Newinventions,FreeEnterprise,TheNewYorkStockExchange（NYSE）isastockexchangelocatedat11WallStreetinlowerManhattan,NewYorkCity,USA.ItistheworldslargeststockexchangebymarketcapitalizationofitslistedcompaniesatUS$28.5trillionasofMay20083.AveragedailytradingvaluewasapproximatelyUS$153billionin2008.,NewYorkStockExchangeinWallStreet,TheNYSEisoperatedbyNYSEEuronext,whichwasformedbytheNYSEs2007mergerwiththefullyelectronicstockexchangeEuronext.TheNYSEtradingfloorislocatedat11WallStreetandiscomposedoffourroomsusedforthefacilitationoftrading.Afifthtradingroom,locatedat30BroadStreet,wasclosedinFebruary2007.Themainbuilding,locatedat18BroadStreet,betweenthecornersofWallStreetandExchangePlace,wasdesignatedaNationalHistoricLandmarkin1978,4aswasthe11WallStreetbuilding.,TheNYSEtradingfloorinAugust2008,NASAastronautsScottAltmanandMikeMassiminoringTheClosingBell,SecurityaftertheSeptember11attacks,TheNYSEatChristmastime（December2008）,U.S.SecretaryofCommerceDonaldL.EvansringstheopeningbellattheNYSEonApril23,2003.FormerchairmanJackWomackisalsointhispicture,Financialcrisis,thankyou,084Ivy,