题目英汉礼貌用语比较.docx

题目英汉礼貌用语比较.docx

《题目英汉礼貌用语比较.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《题目英汉礼貌用语比较.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

题目英汉礼貌用语比较

湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业

毕业论文

题目：

英汉礼貌用语比较

主考学校：

xxxxx

专业：

英语专业

指导老师：

xx

考生姓名：

xxxx

准考证号：

xxxxxx

工作单位：

xxxxxxxxx

2013年3月

TheComparisonofPolitenessLanguagebetweenEnglish

AndChinese

xxxxx

Tutor:

xxxx

March2013

摘要

语言是人类传递信息和表情达意的工具。

为了在听话者和说话者之间建立起一座更顺畅的交流的桥梁，为了建立良好的个人形象，为了避免交流中尴尬或冲突的出现，人们要使用礼貌用语。

礼貌现象普遍存在于各种不同的文化和语言之中,它起着制约人们言行、协调人们交际活动的作用,是人们为达到良好交际效果所不能忽视的一个重要因素。

为促进跨文化间的交际的顺利进行，本文将重点讨论英汉两民族在跨文化交际中礼貌用语的差异。

关键词：

礼貌用语,语言对比,语言的相互影响

Abstract

Languageisatoolofhuman’stransmissionofinformationandcommunication.Inordertoestablishabridgebetweenthelistenerandthespeakerwhichcanmakethecommunicationeasier,andtosetagoodpersonalimage,toavoidembarrassmentorconflictappearsintheexchange,peopleneedtousepolitelanguage.Politenessphenomenacommonlyfoundinavarietyofculturesandlanguages,whichserveasaconstraintroleofcoordinatingcommunicationactivities,areeffectstoachievegoodcommunicationandimportantfactornottobeignored.Tofacilitateasmoothcross-culturalcommunication,thisarticlewillfocusontheEnglishandChinesepeoplesinpolitenessdifferencesincross-culturalcommunication.

Keywords:

politewords,languagecontrast,interactionoflanguage

Contents

1．Introduction………………………………………………

2．Addresses………………………………………………

2.1.Theaddressesbetweenintimatepeople……………………

2.1TheSelfAddresses……………………………………………

3．GreetingsandPartings…………………………………

3.1.Real-TimeGreetings………………………………………

3.2.Partings……………………………………………………

4．Expressingthanksandapologies………………………

4.1.Expressingthanks…………………………………………

4.2Expressingapology………………………………………

5.Conclusion…………………………………………………

6.Workscited……………………………………………………

Ⅰ.Introduction

Nowadays,therearefullofpolitewords,whenwehaveaconversationwithothers,thereisnowaywithoutpolitewords,sincepolitewordsareveryimportanttoshowwhetheroneiswelleducatedornot.Inrecentyearsalotofresearchpapershavebeenpublishedtoshowtheresearchachievementsinpolitenessstudies.Chinahasahistoryofover5000years,andtherearemanybooksleftfromourancienttimeshowingtheimportanceofpoliteness.PolitenessinChinesecultureplaysaveryimportantroleintheestablishedsocialcode.

TheEnglishpeople,however,haveaverydifferenthistoryanddevelopmentoftheirlanguage.AndintheshapingoftheOldEnglish,thepeopleofBritainwereChristianized,whichstartedtheinfluenceofChristianityintheirlanguage（‘good-bye’meansGodwithyou）.WhatdidtheBibletoldthemtodo?

Ittoldtheirinteractiontobepolitewitheachother,showedtheirloyaltytoeachother.Buttheisleswereconstantlyinvadedbytheoutsidersbefore1066A.D.ThismadeEnglishahodgepodgelanguagewhichhastakeninallkindsofsustenanceforhergrowingintoaninternationallanguage.

Nowadayscross-culturestudyhasbeenoneofthemostimportantsubjectsinourlanguageeducationfield.Weareworkinghardtomaketheworldacceptourculture,whichhasahistoryofmorethan5000years.ButintheprocessofthecommunicationwearefacedwithsomeproblemsthatalwaystroublebothourChineseandforeigners.AsforthepolitenessoftheChineseandEnglish,weshouldmakeitclearthatthedifferencesandnoteswhenwetalkwithforeigners.

II．Addresses

Chinesehasthemostcomplicatedsystemofaddressamongallthelanguagesoftheworld,whileforEnglishithaslessitemsofaddressthanChinese.Theaddressplaysanimportantroleinestablishingfriendshipbetweenspeakers.Incomparisonwithothermaxims,theaddressmaximcanbeseenasbeingessentiallyanexpressionoflinguisticpoliteness.

2.1.Theaddressesbetweenintimatepeople

Chinesepeoplealwayscalleachotherbyusingtheirfullnamesevenamongthefamilymembers.TheEnglishpeople,however,usuallyusetheirgivennames,ornicknamesbetweentheirintimatefriendsoramongtheirfamily.Butthereareotheraddresseslike‘Darling’betweenlovers,and老公（darling）usedbyChinese.IfaChinesewifecallsherhusband‘老公（Laogong）’sheusuallywantstoshowhertendernesstoherhusbandandtriestoattracthisattention.SomescholarssaidthatChinese,unlikeEnglishpeople,seldomusegivennamestoaddresspeople,thisisnotcorrectwhentheutterancehappensamongtheintimatepeople:

MyparentsalwayscallmygivennamewhenIaminthefamily,andIcallmysisterandbrother’sgivennameaswell.Theuseofgivennameusuallyshowssomekindofclosenessandspecialfriendshipbetweenthespeakers.SometimefullnamewillbeusedamongChinesefamilymembers,evenhusbandandwifewouldusefullnametocalleachother.

Britishpeople,ontheotherhand,alwaysusenicknamestocallfamilymembers,evengrandchildrenaddressgrandparentwithnicknames.Thisshowsakindofdemocracyamongallthefamilymembers.Chinesepeopleusuallyhaveastrictconceptofhierarchy,eveninthefamily.Soifagrandchildcallsthenameofhisgrandparents,hewillbeseenasrudeandhavingnotbeenwelltaught.WhenImeetforeignersIalwaysusethegivennametoaddressthemandtheyliketobeaddressedthisway.IfweaddressanEnglishmanwithhisfullnameorsurnametheywouldmisunderstanditasarefusalagainsthisinitiativeapproach.

NowthenamingofChinesechildrenischanging,andmanyfamiliesnametheirchildrenwithbothhusbandandwife’sfamilyname,i.e.putfather’sfamilynameintheheadfollowedbymother’sfamilyname.Oneofmycollegeclassmateshadnamedhisdaughterthisway.ThepresentwriterfindthereissomekindofinfluenceofEnglishinthenamingactivitiesofChinese.范徐丽泰,oneofHongKongfamousstateswomen,hernameisinfluencedbywesternculture,whichaddthefamilynameofherhusbandaheadofherownname.PeopleinChinaalwaysusedifferentwaystoaddresstheoldpeoplewhentheaddresseesarenotpresent,especiallybetweenintimatepeople.Forexample,wecallourfather‘father’athispresence,butwequotehimas‘老爷子（oldman）’or‘老汉（thatoldman）’,whichsoundslesspolite,whenwetalkabouthimwithouthispresence.ThisdoesnotshowthatourChinesearenotpolitetoourparents;onthecontrary,theutteranceinvolvessomekindofrespectinit.

2.2TheSelfAddresses

Inordertorespectothersorshowrespectstotheaddressees,ourChineseareespeciallycapableofusingself-denigratingmethodtoaddressselforone’sowncircle:

‘老朽（laoxiu,）鄙人（biren）卑职（beizhi）小弟（xiaodi）寒舍（hanshe）’etc.

Atthesametimeofdenigratingself,thespeakerelevatestheaddresseeandfulfillsthepolitestrategy.Atthesametimeofself-denigration,weuseelevationstrategytoaddresstheother:

‘您贵姓?

（ninguixing?

）’here‘贵’means‘honorable’or‘respectable’.InEnglishtherearelesscasesoftheusageofthisstrategy,andpeoplehavenocleardistinctionofselfandotherinaddressing,andtheyhavenoto-do’sdistinctioninmodernEnglishlikeChinese‘您（nin）,你（ni）’distinction.

III．GreetingsandPartings

Greetingisanotherimportantfactorthatshowswhetherapersonispoliteornot.Whenwearetryingtostartaconversationormeetsomeoneonthestreetweusuallygreetthembywordsorsomekindofgestures.Meetingyouracquaintanceswithoutgreetingisseenasimpoliteorrude.Partingasaunitinthewholeutteranceshouldbestudiedtogetherwithgreeting.‘Greetingsandfarewellsprovideritualbracketsaroundaspateofjointactivity’andoughttobeconsideredtogether.

3.1.Real-TimeGreetings

Real-timegreetingsarethoseusedincloserelationtothetimeoftheday:

eachofthemcanonlybeusedataspecifictimeofthedayaccordingly.Englishhas:

GoodMorning!

GoodAfternoon!

GoodEvening!

GoodDay!

GoodNight!

AndweChinesehasthecounterparts:

早上好（zaoshanghao）!

下午好（xiawuhao）!

晚上好（wanshanghao）!

晚安（wanan）!

Weseemhavenocounterpartsof‘GoodDay!

’inChinese.IntheEnglishcommunitywefind‘GoodMorning’ispopularlyused.Nomatterwheretheutterancehappensyouwillalwayshearpeoplesay‘GoodMorning’toeachother.Chinesepeople,however,onlyuse‘早（zao）!

’or‘你早（nizao）!

’amongpeoplewithacertainsocialdistance,weseldomuse‘GoodMorning’inafamilygreeting.Apartfromthesegenerallyusedgreetings,wealsohavesomegreetingsusedonspecificoccasions:

HappyNewYear!

MerryChristmas!

HappyBirthday!

新年好（xinnianhao）!

（HappyNewYear）圣诞快乐（shengdankuaile）!

（MerryChristmas）恭喜发财（gongxifacai）!

（WishaWealthyNewYear）Whenpeopleareintroducedtoothersforthefirsttime,theEnglishhave‘Howdoyoudo?

’or‘Nicetomeetyou!

’andChinesehas:

‘你好（nihao）!

’‘久仰久仰（jiuyangjiuyang）!

’（HavingKnownyourhonorablenameforalongtime）.WhatmakesEnglishdifferentfromChineseisthatithasdifferentregionalgreetings.

However,sometimestheanswerisjustasortofperfunctoryutteranceanddoesnotmakeanysensetotherealmeaningofit.Forexample,whenChinesepeopleisgreetedby:

“你吃了吗（nichilema）”theaddressee,inordernottobotherthespeaker,wouldanswer:

“吃了（chile）”.Butactually,he/shehasnothadthemeal.Theanswercanonlybeseenasaperfunctoryresponse.SothewesternersinChinashouldlearnthatwhenChinesepeoplearesayingsomethingratherlikeagreeting,e.g.‘John,whereareyougoing’‘MissSmith,whatareyoudoing’or‘Mr.Lee,Haveyouhadyourmeal?

’,theyneednottakeittooseriously,justtellthespeakerwhatyouwanttosayisOK.AndChinesewouldnottaketheanswersseriouslyeither.

3.2Partings

AccordingtoMr.Qianwehaveformalpartings,informalparting,andfamiliarparting.Formalpartingexpressionsarethoseusedinimportantoccasionssuchasformalinterviewandbusinessencounters,forexample:

‘Goodday,Sir’‘Goodmorning!

’