外文翻译机械运动和动力学精品.docx

外文翻译机械运动和动力学精品.docx

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外文翻译机械运动和动力学精品

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外文原文

Kinematicsanddynamicsofmachinery

Oneprincpleaimofkinemaricsistocreatthedesignedmotionsofthesubjectmechanicalpartsandthenmathematicallycomputethepositions,velocities,andaccelerations,whichthosemotionswillcreatontheparts.Since,formostearthboundmechanicalsystems,themassremainsessentiallyconstantwithtime,definingtheaccelerationsasafunctionoftimethenalsodefinesthedynamicforcesasafunctionoftime.Stress,inturn,willbeafunctionofbothappliedandinerialsforces.sinceengineeringdesignischargedwithcreatingsystemswhichwillnotfailduringtheirexpectedservicelife,thegoalistokeepstresseswithinacceptablelimitsforthematerialschosenandtheenvironmentalconditionsencountered.Thisobviselyrequiesthatallsystemforcesbedefinedandkeptwithindesiredlimits.Inmechinery,thelargestforcesencounteredareoftenthoseduetothedynamicsofthemachineitself.Thesedynamicforcesareproportionaltoacceletation,whichbringsusbacktokinematics,thefoundationofmechanicaldesign.Verybasicandearlydecisionsinthedesignprocessinvovlingkinematicswiiprovetroublesomeandperformbadly.

Anymechanicalsystemcanbeclassifiedaccordingtothenumberofdegreeoffreedomwhichitpossesses.thesystemsDOFisequaltothenumberofindependentparameterswhichareneededtouniquelydefineitsposioninspaceatanyinstantoftime.

Arigidbodyfreetomovewithinareferenceframewill,inthegeneralcase,havecomplexmotoin,whichissimultaneouscombinationofrotationandtranslation.Inthree-dimensionalspace,theremayberotationaboutanyaxisandalsosimultaneoustranslationwhichcanberesoledintocomponentionalongthreeaxes,inaplane,ortwo-dimentionalspace,complexmotionbecomesacombinationofsimultaneousalongtwoaxesintheplane.Forsimplicity,wewilllimitourpresentdiscusstionstothecaseofplanarmotion:

Purerotationthebodypessessesonepoint（centerofrotation）whichhasnomotionwithrespecttothestationaryframeofreference.Allotherpointsonthebodydescribearcsaboutthatcenter.Areferencelinedrawnonthebodythroughthecenterchangesonlyitsangulaiorientation.

Puretranslationallpointsonthebodydescribeparallelpaths.Areferencelinedrawnonthebodychangesitslinearposionbutdoesnotchangeitsangularoriention.

Complexmotionasimulaneouscombinationofrotionandtranslationm.anyreferencelinedrawnonthebodywillchangebothitslinearpisitionanditsangularorientation.Pointsonthebodywilltravelnon-parallelpaths,andtherewillbe,ateveryinstant,acenterofrotation,whichwillcontinuouslychangelocation.

Linkagesarethebacisbuildingblocksofallmechanisms.Allcommonformsofmechanisms（cams,gears,belts,chains）areinfactvariationsoflinkages.Linkagesaremadeupoflinksandkinematicpairs.

Alinkisan（assumed）rigidbodywhichpossessesatleasttwoormorelinks（attheirnodes）,whichconnectionallowssomemotion,orpotentialmotion,betweentheconnectedlinks.

Thetermlowerpairisusedtidescribejiontswithsurfacecontact,aswithapinsurroundedbyahole.Thetermhigherpairisusedtodescribejiontswithpointorlinecontact,butifthereisanyclerancebetweenpinandhole（astheremustbeformotion）,so-calledsurfacecontactinthepinjiontactuallybecomeslinecontact,asthepincontactsactuallyhascontactonlyatdiscretepoints,whicharethetopsofthesurfaces’asperities.Themainpracticaladvantageoflowerpairsoverhigherpairsistheirbetterabilitytotraplubricantbetweentheirenvlopingsurface.Thisieespeciallytruefortherotatingpinjoint.Thelubricantismoreeasilysqueezedoutofahigherpair.assresult,thepinjointispreferredforlowwearandlonglife.

Whendesigningmachinery,wemustfirstdoacompletekinematicanalysisofourdesign,inordertoobtaininformationabouttheaccelerationofthemovingparts.wenextwantteusenewton’ssecondlawtocaculatethedynamicforces,buttodosoweneedtoknowthemassesofallthemovingpartswhichhavetheseknownacceletations.Thesepartsdonotexityet!

aswithanydesigninordertomakeafirstpassatthecaculation.wewillthenhavetoitneratetobetteranbettersolutionsaswegeneratemoreinformation.

Afirstestimateofyourparts’massescanbeobtainedbyassumingsomereasonableshapesandsizeforallthepartsandchoosingapproriatematerials.Thencaculatethevolumeofeachpartandmultipyitsvolumebymaterial’smassdensity（notweightdensity）toobtainafirstapproximationofitsmass.thesemassvaluescanthenbeusedinNewton’sequation.

Howwillweknowwhetherourchosensizesandshapesoflinksareevenacceptable,letaloneoptimal?

unfortunately,wewillnotknowuntillwehavecarriedthecomputationsallthewaythroughacompletestressanddeflectionanalysisoftheparts.Ititoftenthecase,especiallywithlong,thinelementssuchasshaftsorslenderlinks,thatthedeflectionsoftheparts,redesignthem,andrepeattheforce,stress,anddeflectionanalysis.designis,unavoidably,aniterativeprocess.

Itisalsoworthnothingthat,unlikeastaticforcesituationinwhichafaileddesignmightbefixedbyaddingmoremasstotheparttostrenthenit,todosoinadynamicforcesituationcanhaveadeleteriouseffect.moremasswiththesameaccelerationwillgenerateevenhigherforcesandthushigherstresses!

themachinedesigeroftenneedtoremovemass（intherightplaces）formpartsinordertoreducethestessesanddeflectionsduetoF=ma,thusthedesignerneedstohaveagoodunderstandingofbothmaterialpropertiesandstessanddeflectionanalysistoproperlyshapeandsizepartsforminimummasswhilemaximzingthestrengthandstiffnessneededtowithstandthedynamicforces.

Oneoftheprimaryconsiderationsindesigninganymachineorstrucreisthatthestrengthmustbesufficientlygreaterthanthestresstoassurebothsafetyandreliability.Toassurethatmechanicalpartsdonotfailinservice,itisnecessarytolearnwhytheysometimesdofail.Thenweshallbeabletorelatethestresseswiththestrenthstoachievesafety.

Ideally,indesigninganymachineelement,theengineershouldhaveathisdisposalshouldhavebeenmadeonspecimentshavingthesameheattreatment,surfaceroughness,andsizeastheelementheprossestodesign;andthetestsshouldbemadeunderexactlythesameloadingconditionsasthepartwillexperienceinservice.thismeansthat,ifthepartistoexperienceabendingandtorsion,itshouldbetestedundercombinedbendingandtorsion.Suchtestswillprovideveryusefulandpreciseinformation.theytelltheengineerwhatfactorofsafetytouseandwhatthereliabilityisforagivenservicelife.wheneversuchdataareavailablefordesignpurposes,theengineercanbeassurethatheisdoingthebestjustifiediffailureofthepartmayendangerhumanlife,orifthepartismanufacturedinsufficientlylargequantities.Automobilesandrefrigrerators,forexample,haveverygoodreliabilitiesbecausethepartsaremadeinsuchlargequantitiesthattheycanbethoroughlytestedinadvanceofmanufacture,thecostofmakingtheseisverylowwhenitisdividedbythetotalnumberofpartsmanufactrued.

Youcannowappreciatethefollowingfourdesigncategories:

（1）failureofthepartwouldendangerhumanlife,orthepartismadeinextremelylargequantities;consequently,anelaboratetestingprogramisjustifiedduringdesign.

（2）thepartismadeinlargeenoughquantitiessothatamoderateseruesoftestsisfeasible.

（3）Thepartismadeinsuchsmallquantitiesthattestingisnotjustifiedatall;orthedesignmustbecompletedsorapidllythatthereisnotenoughtimefortesting.

（4）Theparthasalreadybeendesigned,manufactured,andtestedandfoundtobeunsatisfactory.Analysisisrequiredtounderstandwhythepartisunsatisfactoryandwhattodotoimproveit.

Itiswiththelastthreecategoriesthatweshallbemostlyconcerned.thismeansthatthedesignerwillusuallyhaveonlypublishedvaluesofyieldstrenth,ultimatestrength,andpercentageelongation.withthismeagerinformationtheengieerisexpectedtodesignagainststaticanddynamicloads,biaxialandtriaxialstressstates,highandlowtemperatures,andlargeandsmallparts!

Thedatausuallyavailablefordesignhavebeenobtainedfromthesimpletensiontest,wheretheloadwasappliedgraduallyandthestraingiventimetodevelop.Yetthesesamedatamustbeusedindesigningpartswithcomplicateddynamicloadsappliedthousandsoftimesperminute.nowondermachinepartssometimesfail.

Tosumup,thefundamentalproblemofthedesigneristousethesimpletensiontestdataandrelatethemtothestrengthofthepart,regardlessofthestressortheloadingsituation.

Itispossiblefortwometaltohaveexactlythesamestrengthandhardness,yetoneofthesemetalsmayhaveasupeiorabilitytoaborboverloads,becauseofthepropertycalledductility.Dutilityismeasuredbythepercentageelongationwhichoccursinthematerialatfrature.Theusualdivdinglinebetweenductilityandbrittlenessis5percentelongation.Amaterialhavinglessthan5percentelongationatfractureissaidtobebrittle,whileonehavingmoreissaidtobeductile.

Theelongationofamaterialisusuallumeasuredover50mmgaugelength.siecethisidnotameasureoftheactualstrain,anothermethodofdeterminingductilityissometimesused.afterthespecimanhasbeenfractured,measurementsaremadeoftheareaofthecrosssectionatthefracture.Ductilitycanthenbeexpr