国际效劳贸易外文文献翻译.docx

国际效劳贸易外文文献翻译.docx

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国际效劳贸易外文文献翻译

（含：

英文原文及中文译文）

文献出处：

《WorldDevelopment》，2015，12

（1）：

35-44.

英文原文

Theresearchofinternationalservicetradeandeconomicgrowththeory

Chakraborty Kavin

1Introduction

Thestudyoftherelationbetweeninternationaltradeandeconomicgrowthisoneofthemostactiveissues.Since1980s,theworldhasbeenintransitionfromnationaleconomyorientatingtowardsnaturalresourcesandmanufacturingindustrytoglobalandregionaleconomyorientatingtowardsinformationresourcesandserviceindustry.AfterthesignatureofGATSin1994,theinstitutionalarrangementsonliberalizingservicetraderesultinaworld-wideinvolvementdivisionandexchangesofservicetrade,anditisundoubtedlythatthepositiveinteractionbetweenservicetradeandinvestmentleadstoeconomicgrowth.Butthetheoreticalresearchonservicetradelagsbehindpractice.

Isitastatisticphenomenonorauniversalruleofeconomicgrowth?

Toapproachtheabovetwoissuesfromtheoreticalandempiricalperspectiveisofgreatvaluetopolicy-making.

Forthepropositionofthat"Internationalservicetradewilldriveeconomicgrowth".Theoreticalanalysisshowsthatalthoughservicetradeisnotadirectinterpretativevariabletoeconomicgrowth,itcaneffecteconomicgrowthindirectlythroughothergrowingfactorsandtechnologyupgrade,butthewaysandmechanismsaredifferentindifferentstages.Inacertainstageofeconomicdevelopment,servicetrade（includinginvestment）willhavestaticanddynamiceffectonfactorssupplyandtechnologyupgradeinonecounty,whichwillleadtothedomesticalterationofresourcesconditionstructure.Itistheenterprisesthatselectindustrystructure,technologystructureandtradestructureaccordingtodynamicalterationwayofcomparativetechnologystructureandtradestructure,whichwillultimatelypromoteevolutionofeconomicgrowthgradually.Sofarasoperationalmechanismofservicetradeandinvestmentisconcerned,servicetradeaffectsfactorssupplyinonecountrybyphysicalcapitalaccumulatingeffect,humancapitaleffect,technologyupgradeeffect,institutionaltransitioneffect,employmenteffectandexternalityoftechnology,theninfluencestheupgradeofindustrialstructure,theupgradeoftechnologicalstructureandthetransitionofmodeofeconomicgrowth.Itisobviousthatdynamiceffectisgreaterthanstaticeffect;thatexternaleffectisplayingmoreimportantrolethaninternaleffect;andthattechnologyspillovereffectofforeigndirectinvestmentinserviceindustryisgreaterthanthatofservicetradeinanarrowsense（includingacross-bordersupply,consumptionabroadandmovementofnaturalperson）.

Fortheresearchofmechanismabouthowservicetradedriveeconomicgrowth.Firstly,thepaperverifiesthecausalitybetweenservicetradeandeconomicgrowthsconcerningdifferenteconomicbodiesandtherepresentativecountries.Theresultsshowthattherearecausalitiesbetweeninternationalservicetradeandeconomicgrowthinthewholeworld,inthedevelopedcountries,intheUSandinchina.Inthedevelopingcountries,servicetradeistheGrangercauseofeconomicgrowth;Inthewholeworldandthedevelopingcountries,economicgrowthistheGrangercauseofservicetrade;IntheUS,serviceexportistheGrangercauseofeconomicgrowth,andeconomicgrowthistheGrangercauseofserviceimport.Onthisbasis,itisconcludedthattheopeningofserviceindustrywillbenefiteconomicgrowthinonecountry.Secondly,inordertoexploreonhowtheservicetradeandinvestmentactoneconomicgrowth,empiricalstudiesareemployedtoexplainthecaseofUSandthatofChina.TheresultsshowthattheroutesbywhichservicetradeaffectseconomicgrowthintheUScanberowedasfollowsfrommoresignificanttoless:

employmenteffect,humancapitaleffect,physicalcapitaleffect,technologyeffect,institutioneffect.TheresultsofempiricalanalysisofChinacanbesummarizedthat:

theroutesbywhichserviceexportaffectseconomicgrowthcanberowedasfollows:

employmenteffect,physicalcapitaleffect,institutioneffect,humancapitaleffect,technologyeffect;theroutsbywhichserviceimportaffectseconomicgrowthcanberowedasfollows:

technologyeffect,institutioneffect,employmenteffect,humancapitaleffect,physicalcapitaleffect;theroutesbywhichFDIinserviceaffectseconomicgrowthcanberowedasfollows:

technologyeffect,humancapitaleffect,institutioneffect,employmenteffect,physicalcapitaleffect.Moreover,theeffectofFDIinserviceisstrongerthanserviceimport,andtheeffectofserviceimportisstrongerthanserviceexport.

Accordingtotheempiricaltestinthispaper,theconclusioncanbedrawnasfollows:

servicetradeinanarrowsensewillhavestaticanddynamiceffectsonfactorsupplyinonecountrythroughimportandexportofservice,FDIinserviceindustryisoneofthemostimportantcross-bordertransactionsandisanotherimportantchannelwhichwillaffectthetransitionofadvantagesonfactorsupplyinonecountry.Itshouldbeemphasizedthattheabove-mentionedchannelswillhavedifferenteffectsoncountriesatdifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopment.Whethertherolescanbebroughtintoplayornotdependsongivenrestraints.Theinputoutputoffactorsthemselvescannotformaclearfunction,butwillinteracttogetherandactoneconomicgrowthhandinhandthroughnumerousfeedbackchain.

Chineseeconomyisnowundergoingtransformationfromelementaryagetomiddleageofindustrialization.Servicetradeandinvestmentincurrentperiodhavebothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Basedonthesejudgments,weproposethatChinashouldpursueapolicyfavoringprotectionismonmanagementofservicetradeandadoptrelevantcountermeasuresasfollows.Scientificdevelopmentviewshouldbeformedwithaneyetoharmonizingdevelopmentofthreeindustriessoastolayasolidindustriesfoundationforservicetrade;Thestrategicprogrammingshouldbestipulatedandthemarketofservicetradeshouldbeopenedgradually;Theruleofinternationaltransferofservicetradeshouldbemasteredandenvironmentofutilizingforeigninvestmentonserviceindustryshouldbeimproved.

Asthecharacteristicsoftheworld'sservice-orientedeconomyhavegraduallyemerged,servicetradeoriginatingfromtheupgradingofindustrialstructurehasdevelopedrapidly,andthescaleofservicetradeisrapidlyexpanding.Fromthestatisticaldata,thetotalexportsofworldservicetraderoserapidlyfrom365billion.dollarsin1980tobillion.dollarsin2020,anincreaseoftimes.Comparedwiththetradeofgoodswithalonghistory,servicetradeisanewformoftrade.Withthecontinuousincreaseinabsolutesizeandrelativelylowlevels,servicetradehasbecomeafocusofattentioninmodernsociety.

2Theimpactofoverallservicetradeoneconomicgrowth

AccordingtotheWTOGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices（GATS）,whichwassignedin1994,tradeinservicesincludesCross-borderSupply,ConsumptionAbroad,CommercialPresence,andnaturalpersonmobility.（MovementofNaturalPersn）Fourmodes.Theservicetradeofthesefourmodeshascompletelydifferentpropertiesandcharacteristics.Therefore,itisdifficulttoestablishaunifiedtheoreticalframeworkforservicetradetoaffecteconomicgrowth.Thecorrespondingliteratureisveryrare.TheonlyforeigndocumentsaremainlyRobinsonetal.（2002）,whosimplyregardservicetradeasacommodity.Trade,withouttakingintoaccountdifferencesinthefourtrademodels,studiedtheeconomicgrowtheffectsofservicetradeliberalizationusingtheComputableGeneralEquilibrium（CGE）model.

Usingempiricalmethodstostudytheliteratureontheimpactofoverallservicetradeoneconomicgrowthismore,butsuchstudiesaremostlydomesticscholars.ResearchshowsthattheaveragecontributionofChina'soverallservicetradetoeconomicgrowthis%.

3EffectofServiceTradeinDifferentIndustriesonEconomicGrowth

Atpresent,theliteratureontheimpactofindustrytradeinservicetradeoneconomicgrowthismostlyconcentratedinsuchservicesectorsasfinance,telecommunications,andhealthcare.Thesestudieshavebasicallyreachedarelativelyunanimousconclusionthattheopeningoftheservicesectorortheincreaseinproductivitycansignificantlypromoteeconomicgrowth..Forexample,studiesbyBecketal.（1998）,Murinde&Ryan（2003）,andEschenbach（2004）suggestthattheopeningofthefinancialsectorhas,toacertainextent,brokenthemonopolyofdomesticfinancialmarketsandpromptedtheorderlycompetitionoffinancialmarkets.Onthenormaldevelopmenttrack,productivityhasimproved,andithasfinallyledtoeconomicgrowthinthecountry.Kim（2000）studiedtherelationshipbetweenthedevelopmentofservicetradeinthedistributionsectorandthegrowthoftotalfactorproductivity（TFP）usingKorea'sinput-outputdata.TheresultsshowthattheliberalizationofservicetradenotonlysignificantlypromoteditsownTFP.Thepromotionalsopromotedtheimprovementoftotalfactorproductivityintherelatedmanufacturingsector.Thetotalfactorproductivitygrowthbroughtaboutbyservicetradealmostcoveredtheentireeconomicsector.

4EffectofServiceTradeonEconomicGrowthbyDifferentTradingModes

Therearefewliteraturesonspecifictransactionmodelsandtheoreticalstudiesontheimpactoftradeinservicesoneconomicgrowth.Carretal.（2001）&Markusenetal.（2005）theoreticallyexaminedthecommercialexistencemodelbymeansoftheCGEmodel.Theimpactofthetradeinservicesoneconomicgrowthshowsthattheopeningupoftradeinservicesisanimportantsourceoftheincreaseineconomicwelfareofacount