语言学习题与答案.docx
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语言学习题与答案
Chapter1 IntroductionstoLinguistics
I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)
1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman
__________
A.contact B.communication C.relation D.community
2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?
A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang
3. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is
__________.
A.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performative
4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎(岁岁)平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?
A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.Recreational
5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?
A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness
6. Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?
—Aniceday,isn’tit?
—Right!
Ireallyenjoythesunlight.
A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal
7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.
A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.Parole
8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.
A.culturaltransmission B.productivity C.displacement D.duality
9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.
A.Psycholinguistics B.Anthropologicallinguistics
C.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics
10. __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.
A.Linguistictheory B.Practicallinguistics
C.Appliedlinguistics D.Comparativelinguistics
II. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)
11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.
12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.
13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.
14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.
15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.
16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.
17. F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.
18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.
19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.
20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.
III. Fillintheblanks.(10%)
21. Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.
22. Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.
23. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.
24. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.
25. Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.
26. Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.
27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.
28. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.
29. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.
IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)
31. Designfeature
32. Displacement
33. Competence
34. Synchroniclinguistics
Key:
I.
1~5BACCC 6~10BACAC
II.
11~15FFTFF 16~20FFFFF
III.
21.verbal 22.productivity/creativity
23.metalingualfunction 24.yo-he-ho
25.scientific 26.descriptive
27.speech 28.diachroniclinguistic
29.langue 30.competence
IV.
31. Designfeature:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.
32. Displacement:
Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
33. Competence:
Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.
34. Synchroniclinguistics:
Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.
Chapter2 SpeechSounds
I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)
1. Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.
A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice
2. Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).
A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.morpheme
3. Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.
A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones
4. Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas
__________.
A.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynx D.uvula
5. Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.
A.wide B.closing C.narrow D.centering
6. Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.
A.minimalpairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophones
7. Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?
A.Acousticphonetics B.Articulatoryphonetics
C.Auditoryphonetics D.Noneoftheabove
8. Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?
A.[n] B.[m] C.[b] D.[p]
9. Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?
A.[i:
] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]
10. Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?
A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.Consonant
II. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)
11. Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.
12. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.
13. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.
14. [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.
15. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.
16. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.
17. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.
18. Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.
19. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.
20. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.
III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)
21. Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.
22. Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.
23. Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.
24. Oneelementinthedescription