英美文学概括版.docx

英美文学概括版.docx

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英美文学概括版

自考英美文学资料

英国文学

AnintroductiontooldandmedievalEnglishliterature:

1.EnglandwasconqueredbytheRomans,theAnglo-Saxons,andtheNormans.

2.Language&cultureinfluence:

TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttoEnglandtheGermaniclanguageandculture,whiletheNormans（mostinfluence）broughtafreshwaveofMediterraneancivilization,whichincludeGreekculture,Romanlaw,andtheChristianreligion.

3.TheperiodofoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.

4.TheAnglo-SaxonslanguageisthebasisofmodernEnglish.

5.TheoldEnglishpoetrycanbedividedintotwogroups:

thereligiousgroup（宗教诗）andthesecularone（世俗诗）.

6.Beowulf（贝奥武甫（八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗;该史诗中的主角））,atypicalexampleofoldEnglishpoetry,isregardedtodayasthenationalepic（民族史诗）oftheAnglo-Saxons.Literaryposition:

Thepoemwasoriginallyinanoralform,itiswrittendowninthe10thcentury.Thematicallythepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.

7.TheNormanconqueststartsthemedievalperiodinEnglishliterature,whichisfrom1066uptothemid-14thcentury.

8.Romance（骑士抒情诗），apopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod）usesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,whosemotifs（主题,主旨）ofthequestisfortruth,beautyandkindness.

9.Chaucer（乔叟）:

whosemasterpieceisTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》.ThefamouscharacterofhisworksistheWifeofBath.Chauceremployedtheheroiccoupletverseform（英雄双韵诗形式）withtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.HeisthefatherofEnglishpoetry.

英国文学TheRenaissancePeriod（文艺复兴时期）

1.Itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturies.

2.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance:

manisthemeasureofallthings.

3.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.Ideas:

entitledtoenjoyfreedom,lifeandhappiness;potentialtoachievewonders,greatthings.

4.IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJohnson.ThepoetryismostlywrittenbyJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.

5.FrancisBacon（弗朗西斯·培根）,thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.

6.EdmundSpenser（埃德蒙•斯宾塞）

6.1Heisthepoets’poet.HewasburiedbesidehismasterChaucer.

6.2HismasterpieceisTheFaerieQueene（仙后）.Itspurposeistofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuousandgentlediscipline.Thispoemiswritteninformofverseandallegory.ItsunifyingcharactersareArthur,theRedcrosseandGloriana,theFairyQueen.ThethemeisnotArmsandtheman,butsomethingmoreromantic---fiercewarsandfaithfulloves.

6.3ThefivemainqualitiesofSpenser’spoetryare:

aperfectmelody;araresenseofbeauty;asplendidimagination;aloftymoralpurityandseriousness;adedicatedidealism.

6.4Spenserstanza:

astanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambic（短长格）pentameter（五步格诗）,andthelastlineiniambichexameter（六步格的诗）,rhymingABABBCBBCC.

7.ChristopherMarlowe（克里斯托夫•马洛）

7.1Heisamanofletters,playwright,anddramatist.HeispraisedasUniversityWits.

7.2HisthemostimportantplaysareTamburlaine（帖木耳大帝）,Dr.Faustus（浮士德博士的悲剧）,andTheJewofMalta（马耳他的犹太人）.Thecharacterfeatureofhisworksisusuallypassionateandenergetic.Tamburlainefocusesthepower.Thedominantmoral（meaning/message）ofDr.Faustusishumanratherthanreligious.Thethemeistocelebratethehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder.

7.3Hisgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse（素体诗：

不押韵，iambic,pentameter）.Heemployedhyperbole（夸张法）ashismajorfigureofspeechtoachievetheblankversewithmightylines.HissecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.

7.4ThegeneralcharacteristicsofMarlowe’sheroes:

suchaheroisalwaysindividualistic（个人主义的）andfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe’shumanisticidealofhumandignityandcapacity.Heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.

8.WilliamShakespeare（威廉•莎士比亚）

8.1Heisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.Hecreates38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.

8.2Thefirstperiodofhisdramaticcareerwasoneofapprenticeship,hewrotefivehistoryplays:

HenryVI,PartsI,IIandIII,（亨利六世，第一卷，第二卷，第三卷），RichardIII（理查德三世）andTitusAndronicus（泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯）;andfourcomedies:

TheComedyofErrors（错误的喜剧）,TheTwoGentlemenofVerona（维洛那二绅士）,TheTamingoftheShrew（驯悍记）,andLove’sLabor’sLost（爱的徒劳）.

8.3Inthesecondperiod,hewrotefivehistories:

RichardII（理查德二世）,KingJohn（约翰王）,HenryIV,PartIandII（亨利四世第一卷，第二卷）andHenryV（亨利五世）;sixcomedies:

AMidsummerNight’sDream（仲夏夜之梦）,TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）,MuchAdoAboutNothing,（无事生非）AsYouLikeIt（皆大欢喜）,TwelfthNight（第十二夜）,andTheMerryWivesofWindsor（温莎的风流娘们）;twotragedies:

RomeoandJuliet（罗密欧与朱丽叶）andJuliusCaesar（裘力斯•凯撒）.

8.4Histhirdperiodincludeshisgreatesttragedies:

Hamlet（哈姆雷特）,Othello（奥赛罗）,KingLear（李尔王）,Macbeth（麦克白）,AntonyandCleopatra（安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉）,TroilusandCressida（特洛埃勒斯与克蕾雪达）andCoriolanus（考利欧雷诺斯）;andhisso-calleddarkcomedies:

All’sWellThatEndsWell（终成眷属）andMeasureforMeasure（一报还一报）.

8.5Thelastperiodofhisworkincludeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:

Pericles（伯利克里）,Cymbeline（辛白林）,TheWinter’sTale（冬天的故事）andTheTempest（暴风雨）;andhistwofinalplays:

HenryVIII（亨利八世）andTheTwoNobleKinsmen（两位贵族亲戚）.

8.6ShakespearewriteshissonnetsinthepopularEnglishform,firstfullydevelopedbySurrey,ofthreequatrains（四行诗）andacouplet（对句）.Thecoupletusuallytiesthesonnettooneofthegeneralthemesoftheseries,leavingthequatrainsfreetodevelopthepoeticintensitywhichmakestheseparatesonnetsmemorable.

8.7Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesare:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon:

1）.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.2）.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:

Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforces;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreachery（背叛）andinfidelity（失真）;andMacbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessant（不断的）crimes.

8.8ForHamlet,heisinamoodofworld-weariness.Hehasnoneofthesingle-mindedbloodlustoftheearlierrevengersbecausethecastofhismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplative（祈祷的）.（soliloquy独白,monologues）

8.9ShakespearehasacceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbecombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.HehasclaimedthroughthemouthofHamletthatthe‘end’（purpose）ofdramaticcreationistogivefaithfulreflectionofthesocialrealitiesofthetime.Healsostatesthatliteraryworkswhichhavetrulyreflectednatureandrealitycanreachimmortality（theimmortalityofpoetry）.

8.10　　Techniques:

soliloquy（Hamlet）;psycho-analyticalapproach;ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation,whichmakesthecharacterswhoareignorantofthetruthdocertainridiculousthings;disguise.

9.FrancisBacon（弗兰西斯•培根）

9.1HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.Philosophyworks:

TheadvancementofLearning（学术的进展）.LiteraryworksisEssays（论文集）.

9.2NovumOrganum（新工具）isasuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.Theargumentisfortheuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy.InBacon’ssecondbook,hesuggeststheinductivereasoning（归纳推理）,i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning（演绎推理）,i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular.

9.3Montaigne（蒙泰涅）,thefirstgreatmodernessayist,isthepredecessorofBacon.

9.4Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity（简洁）,compactness（紧凑）andpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesentencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries.Theyarecomposedinaratheraffectedway.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.

10.　JohnDonne（约翰•邓恩）

10.1　　‘Metaphysicalpoetry’（玄学派诗）iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfl