非谓语动词的句法功能及比较.docx
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非谓语动词的句法功能及比较
非谓语动词的句法功能及比较
一、作主语(现在分词和过去分词不能作主语)
1.不定式与动名词作主语,在表示抽象概念时两者往往可以互换。
Tostudyhard(Studyinghard)isourtask.
ItisnoteasytomasterEnglish.
ItisnoteasytomasteringEnglish.
◆表示比较具体的动作或某一特定的动作或将来的动作多用不定式。
Itisnecessarytoreaditmanytimes.
Tofinishthetaskwithintwoweeksisverydifficult.
◆主语是不定式,表语一般也要用不定式,动名词的情况也是如此。
Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.
2.在下列结构中常用动名词(往往表示比较抽象的动作)
Itisnousedoingsth.
Itisnogooddoingsth.
Itis(a)wasteoftime/moneydoingsth.
There+be+no+doing
havetrouble/problem/difficulty(in)doing
spendtime/money(in)doing
haveagood/hardtimeindoingsth.
havefunindoingsth.
Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.
Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodismuchbetter.
二、作宾语(现在分词和过去分词不能作宾语)
1.英语中有个别动词后面带不定式和动名词作宾语意义上无很大的区别。
这样的动词有:
like,love,prefer,start,begin,continue,hate,intend(+todo或doing)等。
◆不定式与动名词在某些动词后作宾语表示比较抽象的动作。
Doyoulikeplaying(toplay)chess?
Helovessinging(tosing).
◆表示具体的动作或特定的动作或将来的动作一般用不定式。
DoyouliketoplaychesswithUncleWang?
Helovestosinginpublic.
Ilikefinishing,butIdon’tliketofishtoday.
◆有些不能用于进行时态的尤其是表示人的心理变化的动词(see,believe,lose,understand,realize等)作宾语,多用不定式。
Finallywebegantorealize/seetheimportanceofthemeeting.
Hehatestolosesuchagoodchance.
2.在某些动词后不定式作宾语和动名词作宾语意义不同:
①remembertodosth.记得去做…
rememberdoingsth./havingdonesth.记得做过…
Didyouremembertotelephoneherwhenyouwerethere?
Irememberseeing/havingseenyousomewherebefore.
②forgettodosth.忘记要做…
forgetdoingsth./havingdonesth.忘记做过…
Don’tforgettoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.
Heforgotpromisingtohelpme.
③regretdoingsth./havingdonesth.后悔做…
Regrettosay/tell/inform…遗憾…
Iregrettelling/havingtoldyouthesecret.
Iregrettotellyouthatyouaredismissed.
④stoptodosth.停止做某事(去做另外一件事)
stopdoingsth.停止做某事
Thedoctorsaidyoumuststopsmoking.
Whenhesawmeinthestreet,hestoppedtotalktome.
(不定式短语在句中不是作宾语,而是作目的状语。
)
⑤trytodosth.设法做…(不一定成功)
trydoingsth.试着做…
Threeyearsago,ItriedtolearnFrench.
Let’stryknockingatthedoorandseewhetherheisin.
⑥meantodosth.打算,想要做…
meandoingsth.意味着做…
Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.
Revolutionmeansliberatingtheproductiveforces.
⑦goontodosth.接着做…(不同一事物)
goondoingsth.继续做…(同一事物)
goonwithsth.继续做…(同一事物)
AfterhefinishedExerciseOne,hewentontodoExerciseTwo.
Afterashortrest,theywentonclimbingthemountain.
⑧can’thelp(to)dosth.
can’thelpdoingsth.
can’thelpbutdosth.
Onhearingthenews,mothercouldn’thelpcrying.
AsIambusywithmyhomework,Ican’thelp(to)dothehousework.
注意一下几种情况,动名词主动表被动及意义上的区别:
★sb.wantssth.想要…
sb.wantstodosth.想要…
sth.wantstobedone主动表被动需要…
sth.wantsdoing主动表被动需要…
Hewantstowatch.他想看一看。
Hewantstobewatched.他需要人照看。
Hewantswatching.他需要被人照看。
★sb.needs/requiressth.需要做…
sb.needs/requirestodosth.需要做…
sb.needs/requirestobedone需要被做…
sb.needs/requiresdoing需要被做…
IneedanewEnglishdictionary.
Ineedtostartoutatonce.
Thebicycleneedstoberepaired./repairing.
◆在need,want(作“需要”解释),require(需要,要求),deserve(值得)等词后可用动名词的主动语态表示被动意义,或用不定式的被动式。
但如果宾语是一个较为具体的动作或后面有一个表示施动者的by引起的短语,就要用不定式的被动式。
Hishouseneedspainting/tobepainted.
Thereyoungtreeswillrequirelookingafter/tobelookedaftercarefully.
Hedeservescriticizing/tobecriticized.
下面两句表示较具体的动作或有by短语,要用不定式的完成式。
Thetemperaturewantstobetestedthreetimesaday.
Thecarneedstoberepairedbyaskilledworker.
★sth.beworthdoing
sth.beworth+n./num.
sth.beworthytobedone
sth.beworthyofbeingdone
sth.beworthyof+n.
Thebookiswellworthreadingoncemore.
Thebookiswellworthytobereadoncemore.
Thebookiswellworthyofbeingreadoncemore.
★itisworthwhile/worthwhile/worthsb’swhiletodo/doingsth.
Thebookiswellworthytobereadbyyourbrother.
Itisworthyourbrother’swhiletoread/readingthisbook.
这本书值得你弟弟一读。
3.在下列动词后一般只能用不定式作宾语,不能用动名词:
agree,refuse,ask【请求】,beg【请求】,choose,decide,determine【决定】,expect【期望,预料】,hope,wish,fail【没能】,want【想要】,plan,offer【主动提供】,afford【负担得起】,pretend,promise,swear,manage,demand,dare【敢】,help【帮助】+todosth.
另外:
一些不及物动词后面只能带不定式(不是作宾语):
happen【碰巧】,chance【碰巧】,appear,long,seem
4.在下列动词后一般只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式:
admit,deny【否认】,appreciate,enjoy,can’thelp【禁不住】,avoid,consider,finish,permit,allow,forbid,excuse,mind,practice,imagine,miss【错过】,delay,save【免却】,escape【错过,逃脱】,suggest,advise,dislike,stand,understand,forgive,include,fancy【幻想】,resist【抵抗】,mention,risk,putoff,giveup,recommend【建议】+doingsth.
Cf:
permit/allowdoingsth.允许做…permit/allowsb.todosth.允许…做…
forbiddoingsth.forbidsb.todosth.
advisedoingsth.advisesb.todosth.
considerdoingsth.考虑做…considersb.tobe/tohavedonesth.认为…
imaginedoingsth./sb’sdoingsth.设想,想象…
imaginesb.tobe/tohavedonesth.认为…
suggeststh./doingsth./sb’sdoingsth.建议…
5.作介词的宾语一般只能用动名词,不用不定式。
①动词+介词
insiston,keepon【继续】,thinkof【考虑】,thinkabout【考虑】,lookforwardto,stickto【坚持】,objectto【反对】,payattentionto,devote…to…,leadto,persistin【坚持】,dependon/upon,relyon/upon,feellike【想要】,aimat,hearof【听说】,hearabout【听说】,forgetabout,failin【失败】,succeedin【成功】,takepartin,accuse…of…【被控告做…】,charge…with…【被控告做…】,prevent…from…,stop…from…,keep…from…,prohibit…from…,holdback…from…,ban…from…,excuse…for…【原谅…做…】
havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.
therebedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.
takethetroubletodosth.不辞辛劳做…
putsb.intothetroubleofdoingsth.劳烦…做…
②be+形容词或过去分词+介词
beengagedin【忙于做…】,befondof【喜爱】,becapableof【有…能力】(Cf:
beabletodosth),besick/tiredof【讨厌…】,beinterestedin,beproudof,begood/expert/clever/bad/poorat,beafraidof【担心…】(beafraidtodosth【害怕】),beashamedof,bekeenon【喜欢做…】,beresponsiblefor,beopposedto【反对…】,beobjectedto【反对…】,bedevotedto【专心做…】,be/get/becomeusedtodoing/accustomeddoing,bebusydoing
★不定式作介词宾语的情况不多见,只限于but,except【都表示除了】等个别介词后。
Hesaidnothingbuttokeepsilent.
Wecouldnotdoanythingbutwait.
Wedidnothingbutwait.
WhenIsawthepicture,Icouldnotbutlaugh.
不得不,只好:
cannotbut,cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut+动词原形
Cf:
Heenjoysdoinganythingbuttalkingtohim.
注意以下:
havenochoice/alternative/optionbuttodo
donothingbutdo
cannotbutdo
cannothelpbutdo
cannotchoosebutdo
6.不定式和动名词在句中作宾语时,当后面带有形容词、名词或介词短语等作宾补时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放置于宾补后。
Hemakesitaruletogetupatsixeverymorning.
Ithinkitofnousearguingwithhimaboutthat.
DoyouconsideritimportantforustolearnEnglishwell?
三、作表语(非谓语动词都可作表语)
1.动名词和不定式作表语,表示主语的内容时两者可以互换,如动作很具体一般用不定式。
Herjobiscleaningthehouse.
Herjobistocleanthehouse.
Herjobistowatertheflowerstwiceaday.
2.现在分词(分词短语不能作表语)作表语表示主语的性质或特征,过去分词作表语表示主语的状态。
Thestoryismoving.
Thenewsisexciting.
Theglassisbroken.
Heisbeaten.
3.◆比较下列句子,区分be+不定式(表将来;系表结构)
Sheistowatertheflowersinthegardenafternoon.
Hertaskthisafternoonistowatertheflowersinthegarden.
◆比较下列句子,区分be+动词ing形式(表进行;系表结构:
①动名词短语作表语说明主语的内容;②现在分词作表语说明主语的性质或特征)
Sheiswateringtheflowersinthegardennow.
Herjobiswateringtheflowersinthegarden.(Wateringtheflowersinthegardenisherjob.)
Herjobistiringanddull,butshelikesit.
◆比较下列句子,区分be+过去分词(被动语态;系表结构)
Thewindowisbroken.
ThewindowwasbrokenwithastonebyTomyesterday.
Theshopisclosed.
Theshopisclosedat10p.m.everyday.(有状语)
四、作定语(非谓语动词都可作定语)
1.动名词(动名词短语不能作定语)作定语只能谓语被修饰名词前,往往表示被修饰词的性质与用途与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系。
adiningroom=aroomwhichisusedfordining
areadingroom=aroomwhichisusedforreading
asleepingcar=acarwhichisusedforsleeping
2.现在分词作定语往往表示被修饰词的性质或特征,主动和正在进行,(也可表示经常性动作或现在的时态),与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
adevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping
aroomfacingsouth=aroomwhichfacessouth
asleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping
◆单个的现在分词作定语一般位于被修饰词前,有时要强调动作也可后置,但现在分词短语修饰名词必须后置。
Doyouknowthemanstandingoverthere?
Thedoctortalkingtoapatientismyfather.
◆如果要表示一次性的动作或已完成的动作要用定语从句,因为现在分词的完成式不作限制性定语。
Thecomradewhocamethismorningisourmonitor.(不能用coming)
Thosestudentswhohavefinishedtheirhomeworkmayleavenow.(不能用havingfinished)
3.过去分词作定语往往表示被修饰词的状态或已完成的动作,(或不受时间限制),与被修饰名词之间有被动关系或逻辑上的主谓关系。
(及物动词的过去分词即可表被动又可表完成,而不及物动词的过去分词只表完成不表被动)
thefallenleaves=theleavesthathavefallen
thebrokencup=thecupthatarebroken
◆单个的过去分词作定语一般位于被修饰词前,有时要强调动作也可后置,但过去分词短语修饰名词必须后置。
Theletterpostedthismorningcostmeoneyuanandsixtyfen.
Thearticlewrittenbyyourteacherisveryinteresting.
4.不定式作定语
①不定式及其短语作定语一般都谓语被修饰名词后,含有附加意义,通常表示一个将来的动作,有时也可表示过去某一特定的动作。
Therearealwaysmanynewthingstolearn.(表将来或普遍的情况)
ThereisareporttobegivenbyProf.Lithismorning.(表将来)
(不定式作定语,常用主动表被动,但当后有by短语引出动作的执行者时,则只能用被动)
MadameCuriewasthefirstpersontodiscovertheelementradium.(表过去某一特定动作)
②不定式及其短语作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系(主动),动宾关系(被动),同位关系等多种关系。
Thereisnoonetotakecareofher.
Thereisnoonetotakecareof.(主动表被动)
Wegottheordertoleavethecity.
③不定式及其短语作定语被修饰名词有动宾关系时,不定式(短语)必须是及物动词(注意后面不再有宾语);如不定式是不及物动词,则后面必须要加上适当的介词。
Hehasalotofbookstoread.(read后面不能再有them,it等宾语)
Ihavenothingtotalkabout.
Heislookingforaroomtolivein.
◆但如果被修饰的名词是place,way,time等时,作后置定语的不定式短语中的介词可以省略:
Heislookingforaplacetolive.
Ihavefoundabetterwaytosolvetheproblem.
Ihavenotimetodothework.
◆作后置定语的不定式动词后要用介词的情况也适用于下列句子:
Hegavemeaboxtoputtheinstrumentin.
◆以上这种带介词的不定式作定语也可用“介词+关系介词+不定式短语”的结