语言学教程各章节练习及答案.docx

语言学教程各章节练习及答案.docx

《语言学教程各章节练习及答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学教程各章节练习及答案.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

语言学教程各章节练习及答案

ExercisestoLinguistics

外语系

黄永亮

Chapter1InvitationtoLinguistics

1.Definethefollowingterms:

Langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:

parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Prescriptive:

Prescriptiveanddescriptiverepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshoulddayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

Descriptive:

Prescriptiveanddescriptiverepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;

competence:

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

Performance:

Chomskydefinesperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

Synchronic:

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;

Diachronic:

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

Linguistics：

Linguisticsmaybedefinedasthesystematic（orscientific）studyoflanguage.

language：

Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystemofsymbolsprincipallytransmittedbyvocalsounds.”

2.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality,why?

No.Nodiscreteunitsonthefirstlevelthatcanbecombinedfreelyinthesecondleveltoformmeaning.Thereisonlysimpleonetoonerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaning,namely,re-stop,green-goandyellow-getreadytogoorstop.

3.Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacialexpression.Dobodylanguageandfacialexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguage?

Lessarbitrary,lackduality,lesscreative,limitedrepertoire,emotional-oriented.

4.Whyiscompetenceandperformanceanimportantdistinctioninlinguistics?

AccordingtoChomsky,alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Andperformancereferstotheactualenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumbersofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Thus,Chomskyproposedthatlinguistsshouldfocusonthestudyofcompetence,notperformance.Thedistinctionofthetwoterms“competenceandperformance”representstheorientationoflinguisticstudy.Sowecansaycompetenceandperformanceisanimportantdistinctioninlinguistics.

5.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthefollowingbasicways:

Firstly,priorityisgiven,asmentionedearlier,tospokenlanguage.Secondly,focusisonsynchronicstudyoflanguage,ratherthanondiachronicstudyoflanguage.Thirdly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptiveratherthanprescriptiveinnature.Linguistsendeavortostateobjectivelytheregularitiesofalanguage.Theyaimatfindingouthowalanguageisspoken:

theydonotattempttotellpeoplehowitshouldbespoken.Fourthly,modernlinguisticsistheoreticallyratherthanpedagogicallyoriented.Modernlinguistsstrivetoconstructtheoriesoflanguagethatcanaccountforlanguageingeneral.Thesefeaturesdistinguishedmodernlinguisticsfromtraditionalgrammar.Thetwoarecomplementary.Notcontradictory.Knowledgeofbothisnecessaryforalanguageteacher:

knowledgeofthelatterisnecessaryforalanguagelearner.

Chapter2Phonetics

1.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish

1）[]voiceddentalfricative

2）[]voicelessalveolarfricative

3）[]velarnasal

4）[]voicedalveolarstop

5）[]voicelessbilabialstop

6）[]voicelessvelarstop

7）[]（alveolar）lateral

8）[]highfrontlaxunroundedvowel

9）[:

]highbacktenseroundedvowel

10）[]lowbacklaxroundedvowel

2.Howisthedescriptionofconsonantsdifferentfromthatofvowels?

Consonantsaredescribedaccordingtomannerandplaceofarticulationwhilevowelsaredescribedwithfourcriteria:

partofthetonguethatisraised;extenttowhichthetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepalate;kindofopeningmadeatthelips;positionofsoftpalate.

3.Whichsoundmaybedescribedas

avoicedbilabialplosive[]

avoicedlabio-dentalfricative[]

avoicelessvelarplosive[]

4.Whymightaphotographeraskthepersonsheisphotographingtosaycheese?

Thevowelofthewordcheese[:

]isproducedwiththelipsspread,thisresemblingasmile.

5.Accountforthedifferenceinarticulationineachofthefollowingpairsofwords:

coastghost;ghostboast

boastmost;ghostmist;

Thewordscoastandghostaredistinguishedbythefactthattheinitialsegmentisvoicelessinthecaseoftheformerandvoicedinthecaseofthelatter.

Thewordghostandboastaredistinguishedbytheplaceofarticulationoftheinitialsegment,[]beingvelarwhile[]isbilabial.

Boastandmostaredistinguishedbythemannerofarticulationoftheinitialsegment,[]beingnasal.

Mostandmistaredistinguishedbythefactthattheformerhasaroundedbackvowelshilethelatterhasaspreadfrontvowel.

Chapter3Phonology

1.Definethefollowingterms

Phonology:

Phonologyisconcernedwiththesoundsystemoflanguages.Itisconcernedwithwhichsoundsalanguageusesandhowthecontributionofsoundstothetaskofcommunication.

Phone:

Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones

Phoneme:

Phonemeistheabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

Allophone:

AllophonerefersanyofthedifferentformsofaphonemeisanallophoneofitinEnglish.Comparethewordspeakandspeak,forinstance.The//inpeakisaspirated;phoneticallytranscribedas[]whilethe//inspeakisunaspirated,phonetically[＝].[,]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme//.SuchvariantsofaphonemearecalledAllophoneofthesamephoneme.

Suprasegmentalfeatures:

.ThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledSuprasegmentalfeatures.Suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude:

stress,toneandintonation.

2.Transcribetherealizationofthepasttensemorphemeforeachofthefollowingwords:

Waitedwavedwipedwaded.accountforthedifferences.

[id]in“waited”and“waded”followsanotheralveolarplosive.[d]in“waved”followsvoicedconsonants.

[t]in“wiped”followsvoicelessconsonants,therebeingvoicingassimilation.

3.whichofthefollowingwouldbephonologicallyacceptableasEnglishwords?

Thlitegrawldleshershlinktritchsruckstwondle

“grawl”and“tritch”

4.Whycanwenotusethesequence[kl]intwinkleasanexampleofaconsonantcluster?

Thesequence[kl]bridgestwosyllables.

5.Foreachofthefollowingpairscomparethepositionofthestress.Comment.

Economy/economicwonder/wonderful

Beauty/beautifulacid/acidic

Inadjectivesendingin–icthestressmovestothefollowingsyllable,inadjectivesendingin–fulitdoesnot.

6.Explainwhysomebodymightchoosetostressthefollowingutterancesasindicatedbytheboldtype:

a）Johnwantedtodothistoday.b）Johnwantedtodothistoday.c）Johnwantedtodothistoday.

ThefirstutteranceimpliesthatJohnwasunabletodowhathewanted.

Thesecondimpliesthathewasonlyabletodosomethingelse.

Thethirdimpliesthathewasonlyabletodoitsomeotherday.

Chapter4Morphology

1.Definethefollowingterms:

Morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

Compound:

Polymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

Allomorph:

anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorpheme-‘sbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

Boundmorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dogs”.

Freemorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

2.Completethewordswithsuitablenegativeprefixes

a.irremovableg.inhuman

b.informalh.irrelevant

c.impracticablei.unevitable

d.insensiblej.immobile

e.intangiblek.illegal

f.illogicall.indiscreet

3.“Morpheme”isdefinedasthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.Thenismorphemeagrammaticalconceptorasemanticone?

Whatisitsrelationtophoneme?

Sincemorphemeisdefinedasthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,itatthesametimecoversthegrammaticalandsemanticaspectoflinguisticunit.Amorphememayoverlapwithaphoneme,suchasI,butusuallynot,asinpig,inwhichthemorphemeisthewholeword,i.e.andindependent,freemorpheme,butthephonemesare/p/,/i/and/g/.

4.Identifyinthefollowingsentencefourboundmorphemes.Statethefunctionof

eachandsaywhethereachisderivationalorinflectional.

Theteacher’sbrotherconsideredtheprojectimpossible.

The–erandthe–‘softeacher’sareboundmorphemes,theformerbeingderivational,asitproducesalexemethatdenotesthepersonwhodoesana