语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编.docx

语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编.docx

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语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编

Exerciseoflinguistics语言学练习（语言学教程胡壮麟主编）

IExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.

1.Homonymy同音（或同形）异义关系：

Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalledhomonymy.,i.e.differentwordsareidentical（相同的）insoundorspelling,orinboth.

例：

forinstance,1）同形异义词homographs:

cloze[kləuz]----close [kləuz],sow/səʊ/----sow/soʊ/（US）;2）同音异义词homophones:

flower----flour,dear---deer,etc.3）同形同音词perfecthomonyms：

angle---angle,bank---bank.

2.predicationanalysis（述谓分析法）（语义分析）isanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.Predicationistobreakdownthesentenceintotheirsmallerconstituents:

argument（logicalparticipant）andpredicate（relationelement）.Thepredicateisthemajororpivotalelementgoverningtheargument.（instance）

3tenorofdiscourse（话语意旨）The“tenorofdiscourse”isaboutthevariationrelatingto,orresultingfrom,whattheuseristryingtodowithlanguage,suchasteaching,persuading,advertising,instructing,etc.Thegenericsituationofadiscourseisoftendeterminedintermsoftenorofdiscourse.Forexample,anadvertisementisbydefinitionanattempttopersuadethroughlinguisticandvisualmeans,andasermonisdesignedtoexhortandteach.

4.Arbitrariness任意性：

referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignshavenonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thereisnologicconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/（1.3.1）

5.Performance（语言运用）：

thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.（1.9.4）Aspeaker’slanguageperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.（nervousness,）

6.Dysphonia（语言障碍）isthemedicaltermfordisordersofthevoice:

animpairmentintheabilitytoproducevoicesoundsusingthevocalorgansThus,dysphoniaisaphonation（发声）disorder.Thedysphonicvoicecanbehoarseorweak,orexcessivelybreathy,harsh,orrough,butsomekindofphonationisstillpossible（contrastedwiththemoresevereaphoniawherephonationisimpossible）.

7.ReceivedPronunciation（标准发音P34）isawayofpronouncingBritishEnglishthatisoftenusedasastandardintheTeachingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage.TheabbreviationRPisalsoused.（ManypeoplealsocallitBBCEnglish,OxfordEnglish.ItisalsowidelyusedinpublicschoolsandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.）

8.endocentricconstruction（向心结构）：

isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinableCENTREorHEAD．（4.2.3.1）usually,nounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypes.Suchasthesetwooldstonebridges,willbeleaving,verylate.

9.Homogram（同形异义异源词）awordwhichhasthesamespellingasanotherbutdifferentmeaning,derivation,orpronunciation.Sameas"homograph".'Bow'meaningthefrontofaship,'bow'meaningaloopmadeinastringorribbonand'bow'meaningadeviceusedtoshootarrowsareallhomograms.

10.mannerofdiscourse（话语方式）：

isthelinguisticreflectionoftherelationshipbetweenthelanguageuserandthemediumoftransmission.Languageiseitherspokenorwritten.Spokenlanguagemaybespontaneousorprepared,andwrittenlanguagemaybespokenortoberead.

11.Allophone音位变体：

variantsofthesamephoneme.Iftwoormorephoneticallydifferentsoundsdonotmakeacontrastinmeaning,theyaresaidtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Tobeallophones,theymustbeincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.Ex.inthewords/pit//tip//spit/,thedifferent/p/’saretheallophonesofthesamephoneme/p/.

12.designfeature结构特征：

thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguageofanimals.（Therearearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.）

13.Synchronic共时性:

synchronicstudyisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime,usuallybutnotnecessarilythepresent,（asifitstoppeddeveloping）.Forexample,anessayentitled“OntheUseofTHE”maybesynchroniciftheauthordoesnotrecallthepastofTHE.

14.Diachronic历时性：

saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.（Diachronicstudyisthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.）forexample,theessay“OntheUseofTHE”maybediachroniciftheauthorclaimstocoveralargerangeorperiodoftimewhereinTHEhasundergonetremendousalteration

15.competence语言能力:

AccordingtoN.Chomsky,“competence”istheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentenceamtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.

16.Performance语用能力：

thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.Speaker’sperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.

17.Langue语言：

F.deSaussurerefers“langue”totheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic.

18.Parole言语：

F.deSaussurerefers“parole”totheactuallanguage,ortherealizationoflangue.Paroleisspecifictothespeakingsituation,anditisanaturallyoccurringevent.ForSaussure,paroleisamassofconfusingfacts,thusnotsuitedforsystematicinvestigation.

19.Phonology音系学：

thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

20Consonant辅音：

amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction,

21.Vowel元音：

amajorcategoryofsoundsegments，producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.

22.distinctivefeatures区别特征：

ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sandthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople.

23.IPA国际音标：

asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart（theIPAchart）,designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.ItwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin2005,seep.28.

24.morpheme语素：

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forexample,theword“tourists”containsthreemorphemes.Thereisoneminimalunitofmeaning,tour,anotherminimalunitofmeaning-ist（meaning"personwhodoessomething"）,andaminimalunitofgrammaticalfunction-s（indicatingplural）.

25.Inflection屈折变化：

isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached,

26.root词根：

referstothebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutlossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Intheword“internationalism”,aftertheremovalofinter-,-aland-ism,thepartleftistherootnation.

27loanword借词：

theborrowingofaprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightchange,insomecases,tothephonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.Forinstance,Englishborrowedaupair,encore,coupd'etatandothersfromFrench,alfresco（intheopenair）fromItalian,teafromChinese,sputnikfromRussianandmoccasin（atypeofshoe）fromanAmericanIndianlanguage.

28Loanshift转移借词：

isaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.Forexample,theItalianpontemeans"bridge"intheliteralsense,whenitreferstoatypeofcardgame,themeaningwasborrowedfromEnglish.

29Loanblend混合借词：

isaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandtheresthasbeenborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.Forexample,thefirstpartsofthewordscocnutandChina-townfromSpanishandChineserespectively,butthesecondpartsareoftheEnglishorigin,

30Assimilation同化：

referstothechangeofasoundbytheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled"contact"or"contiguous"接近assimilation.Theassimilationprocessesasworkcouldbeexplainedbythe“theoryofleasteffort”;thatis,inspeakingwetendtouseaslittleeffortsaspossiblesothatwedonotwanttovarytoooftentheplacesofarticulationinutteringasequenceofsounds.Assimilationtakesplaceinquickspeechveryoften.Forinstance,inexpressionsuchasimmoral,illegal,impolite,thenegativeprefixesim-,il-orir-shouldbein-etymologically.Sometimesassimilationmayoccurbetweentwosoundsthatarenotfarseparated.Forinstance,discussingshortly（/s/becomes/ʃ/）andconfoundit（/ə/becomes/au/）.Thisiscalled"noncontiguous"or"distantassimilation.”P21

31Dissimilation异化：

referstotheinfluenceofonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanther,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent,Forexample:

marbre（French）--marbleperegrinus（Latin）—pilgrim.

32category范畴：

Thetermcategoryinsomeapproachesreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Morespecifically,