职称英语综合类新增文章.docx

职称英语综合类新增文章.docx

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职称英语综合类新增文章

第二部分　　阅读判断

第九篇WhatIsaDream?

Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others，however，thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson’smindandemotions.

Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.

TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud1，wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams（1900）,Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson’swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.

TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJung2wasonceastudentofFreud’s.Jung，however，hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.

Modern-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz，believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson’sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime。

Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.

Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.

Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?

Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonthis:

Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn’tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It’simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.

词汇：

psychologist/saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst/n．心理学家psychiatrist/sai'kaiətrɪst/n．精神病学家（医生）Austrian/ˈɔstrɪən/adj．奥地利的

gender/ˈdʒendə/n．性别

注释：

1．SigmundFreud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。

精神分析学派的创始人。

他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。

著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。

2．CarlJung：

卡尔•荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。

3．Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。

练习：

1．Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

2．AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

3．Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

4．Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

5．AccordingtoDomhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

6．Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

7．Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

答案与题解

1．A　这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。

即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。

2．A　第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。

此句与本叙述一致。

3．B　第四段的第二句和第三句：

Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。

他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。

4．C　文中没有提及。

5．A　依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：

孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。

6．A　本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。

第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。

7．B　最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：

梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。

因而不能预测未来。

第十三篇StageFright1

Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic,2Mr.Feltsmansaid,“Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen?

”

Today,musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms:

icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind.3

Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,4tomentaldiscipline,suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’tdenythatyou’rejittery，theyurge;someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften,simplyfortheexperience.

PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggestssomestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance,“Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths,openupyourshoulders,thensmile,’’shesays.“Andnotoneofthese‘pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience,peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto,andmakeeyecontactwiththem.”Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.

Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright，saysDorothyDelay,awell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve.

WhenLynnHarrellwas20，hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestra,andhesufferedextremestagefright.“ThereweretimeswhenIgotsonervousIwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.IcametoapointwhereIthought,‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”5Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible，andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.6

Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosuffer,ofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.“Theyhadtopushhimonstage,”SopranoRenataScottorecalled.

Actually，successcanmakethingsworse.“Inthebeginningofyourcareer,whenyou’rescaredtodeath,nobodyknowswhoyouare,andtheydon’thaveanyexpectations,”SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.“There’slesstolose.Lateron,whenyou’reknown,peoplearecomingtoseeyou,andtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose.”

Andersonadded，“IneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.”

词汇：

veteran/ˈvetərən/adj．经验丰富的jittery/ˈdʒɪtəri/adj．紧张不安的

mentor/ˈmenˌtɔ:

/n．指导者

soprano/səˈprprɑ:

nəʊ/n．女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ˈtʃelɪst/n．大提琴演奏家

abdominal/æbˈdɔmənəl/adj．腹部的fallible/ˈfæləbəl/adj．易犯错误的

tenor/'tenə/n．男高音

注释：

1．StageFright：

舞台恐惧

2．TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic…资深大提琴家米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意把他绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症……curesomebodyofillness（problem）：

医治好病（解决问题）

3．…itssymptoms：

icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind…：

……舞台恐惧的症状有：

手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白……

4．Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout…：

老师和心理学家给出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如详细地学习曲目……insideout：

ingreatdetail详细地，从里到外地

5．IcametoapointwhereIthought，‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob’.：

我曾经一度认为，如果演奏音乐就必须过怯场这一关的话，那我可能得换其他工作了。

6．Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.：

他后来说，要克服恐惧重要的是学会谦逊，即认识到不论自己多有才，总有可能会失误，一个有瑕疵的音乐会绝对不是世界末日。

练习：

1．FallingdownonstagewasnotagoodwayforVladimirFeltsmantodealwithhisstagefright.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

2．Therearemanysignsofstagefright.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

3．Teachersandpsychologistscannothelppeoplewithextreme-stagefright.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

4．Toperformwellonstage,youneedtohavesomefeelingsofexcitement.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

5．Ifyouhavestagefright,it'shelpfultohavefriendlyaudience.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

6．Oftenpeoplehavestagefrightbecauseparentsorteachersexpecttoomuchofthem。

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

7．Famousmusiciansneversufferfromstagefright.

A　RightB　WrongC　Notmentioned

答案与题解：

1．B　本文第一段讲的是钢琴家弗拉基米尔菲兹曼被米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈的经历。

2．A　第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为：

手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。

3．B　本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。

4．A　依据第三段的倒数第二句：

someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的。

5．C　第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：

在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们做眼光交流。

而克服舞台恐惧是否需要观众友好文中未提。

6．A　第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。

extremedemands就是expecttoomuchofthem的意思。

7．B　第七段讲的是：

不只是年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧，钢琴家弗拉基米尔霍洛维茨和男高音弗朗科科莱里亦不能幸免。

never一词不恰当。

第三部分　　概括大意与完成句子

第十三篇Wardoff1TravelBugs

1Astheholidayseasonapproaches,sodoestheprospectofjetlag,anupsetstomachorsunburn2.Withcareandsomehelpfromnaturalsources,however,itisquitepossibletoavoidtheseproblems.

2Youcanstarttoprepareacoupleofweeksbeforeyouleave.Foodpoisoningwillmakeanyholidaymiserable,butbytakingsomemedicinesuchasl