发达国家和发展中发展对比英文版.docx

发达国家和发展中发展对比英文版.docx

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发达国家和发展中发展对比英文版

AComparisonofHealthProblemsofDevelopingCountriesandDevelopedCountries

Developmentstatusofmedicalhealthcareindustryofdevelopedcountries:

America’smedicalcareindustryishighlyconcentrated.Americaisthelargestmedicalinvestor,thegrowthofmedicalcostshasexceededthegrowthofGDPovertheyearandcoversmorethan20%ofGDPnow.Inrecentyears,agreatmanylargemedicalclusterhaveemergedinAmericasuchasTexasMedicalCenterandUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter,allareequippedwithmorethan10generalhospitalsandeducationandresearchcenters.Hugemedicalmarketandrelativelyperfecthospitalsconstitutemanylargehospitalenterprisegroups,suchasHospitalCorporationofAmerica,whichistheworldlargestprivatehealthserviceoperator.HCAhasabout200hospitalsandhealthcareinstitutionsin12statesofAmericaandEuropeandmorethan168,000employees.Withawidecoverageoffreemedicalservices,publichospitalscover87.6%andprivatehospitals4.6%inCanada,therestarehospitalsofthefederalgovernment.Taxrevenuespaidbycitizensareallocatedtohospitals,hospitalsapplyforanannualbudgetaspercommunitysituations,purchaseequipmentandhygienicmaterials,anddistributepaycheckstoemployeesexcludingdoctors.Doctors’payiscoveredbythegovernmentasperthepatientbills.Inadditiontoexpensesforoutpatientserviceandmedicine,hospitalizationexpenses,mealfeeandmedicalfeearefreeofcharge.Widecoverage,convenienceandoperabilityoffreemedicalservicemakeCanadianmedicalcaresystemsmostpopularinwesterncountries.Swiss’smedicalhealthcareindustrycombinesmultipleownershipsandmulti-levelmedicalorganizations.Inrecentyears,Swissmedialhealthcareserviceindustryhasboomed,surpassedthescaleoftraditionalhorologemanufacturingindustryandcontributedtoabout30%ofGDP.MedicalhealthcareindustryhasbecomeastrongpowerspurringSwiss’seconomicgrowthwhichmainlyfeaturesmultipleownershipmedicalinstitutionsandmulti-levelmedicalorganizations.Swiss’smedicalinstitutionsmainlycontainhospitalsandprivateclinics.Thegovernmentadoptsgovernmentregulationsseparatefrommanagementforpublichospitalsandappropriateshospitalfundsthroughthehospitalunion.Healthcaresupportingserviceestablishesapatternofdiversifiedinvestment.About25%oftheagedchoosedemonstrativeinstitutionsforold-agecarewithsponsorshipofthegovernmentandprofit-seekingornon-profitinstitutionsforold-agecarewiththeinvestmentsofenterprises,socialorganizationsandindividualssuchasoldpeople’shome,nursinghomeandhospicecareinstitution.Theformeraimstosolvesupportingissuesofchildlessoldpeopleunderthechargeofthegovernment.Withdevelopedendowmentindustry,Japanisthecountrywiththehighestagingrateandthefastestagingspeed.Threesupportingpatternssuchasfamilysupporting,hosingsupportingandinstitutionsupportingareestablishedinthelong-termpracticeofcopingwithaging,where,institutionsupportingcanbedividedintospecialnursinghome,nursinghomeandlow-costnursinghomeaccordingtodifferenttypesoftheagedanddemands.Japan’sendowmentindustry,calledelderly'swelfareindustry,agingindustryorsilverindustryetc,isageneraltermoffolkprofit-makingactivitiesaimedatsatisfyinghigh-levellifeandcultureneedsandprovidingtheagedwithcommoditiesandservices,itmainlyconsistsofrealestate,finance,housekeepingservice,articlesforuse,instrument,cultureandlifeservicesandotherindustries.Withhugeinvestmentsinthedevelopmentofhealthindustry,theJapanesegovernmentpayscloseattentiontohealthindustry,meanwhile,commercialenterprisesarepreventedtoseekexcessiveprofitsandthuslowertheservicequality.Korea’shealthindustryexpandsrapidly.Inrecentyears,theKoreangovernmenthasregardedhealthindustryasanewgrowthpoweroftheinformationtechnologyera,establishedthetargettoenableKoreatobetheworldNo.7healthcarepowerin2020,acceleratedtobuildtopmedicalindustrialdistricts,constructedcorefacilitiessuchasnewmedicinedevelopmentandsupportingcenter,topmedicalfacilitydevelopmentcenterandnewmedicineclinicalexperimentproductioncenter,andstrivedtoenableKoreatobeagenuine“internationalmedicalservicehub”before2020.

Inordertostudydifferencesbetweendevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountries,wecarryoutanalysisandcomparisonintheperspectiveofhealtheducation.

ComparisonofhealtheducationofChinaanddevelopedcountries:

1Physicalhealtheducationmode

1.1Teachingmode

Coursessuchasphysicaleducation,healthandlifesafetyareopenedinChinaanddevelopedcountrieswiththeviewtoteachstudentstolearnormakeprogressinenhancementofphysicalfitness,improvementofphysicalquality,acquisitionofhealthknowledgeandskills,establishmentofhealthylifeideaandformationofhealthylifestyle.Thefiercedebateonnameofphysicaleducation（andhealth）and“separatesetmode”or“integratedsetmode”ofphysicaleducationcurriculumandhealthcurriculumarisingfromtheChinese8thcoursereformisbecauseknowledgeofphysicaleducationiscloselyrelatedtothatofhealth,however,educationinstitutionsdon’tsetuphealthcurriculumindependentlybutadopttheintegratedsetmodeofphysicaleducation（andhealth）soastoimplementphysicalhealtheducation,whichcoversnotonlyphysicaleducation（andhealth）butalsoideologyandmorality,socialscience,scienceandbiology.ThejurisdictionrightofAmericaneducationbelongstostateswithuniformsetmodesofphysicaleducationandhealth,where,10statessuchasNewJerseyandNewYorksetuptheintegratedcurriculumofphysicaleducationandhealtheducation,whileother32statessuchasUtah,HawaiiandLodhransetuptwocoursesseparately.WesterncountriessuchasGermanyandEnglishadopttheseparatesetmode.Besides,healtheducationisalsosetinGermany,andPersonal,SocialandHealthEducation（PSHE）isseparatelysetnEngland.BothAustraliaandJapanusetheintegratedsetmode.Australiasetsuphealthandphysicaleducation,whileJapanhealthcaresports.Inconclusion,thephysicalhealtheducationmodeadoptedinChinaanddevelopedcountriesisactualtheproductofthecombinedactionofeducationaladministrationsystems,sportscultureeducationtraditionsandphysicalhealtheducationideas.

1.2Comparison

ThecomparisonofthephysicalhealtheducationmodeofChinaanddevelopedcountriesshowed,themainsimilarityofthesetmodeofChina,AustraliaandJapan,theseparatesetmodeandintegratedsetmodeofAmericaaswellastheseparatesetmodeofGermanyandBritishfocusesontheconsistencyofphysicaleducation（andhealth）throughseparatesetmodeorintegratedsetmodestressedonstudent’ssyntheticallyandintensifyingtheproportionof“physicaleducation”basedoncoursethroughseparatesetmodeorintegratedsetmode.ThedifferencefocusesontheintegratedsetmodeofChina,AustraliaandJapan,theseparatesetmodeandintegratedsetmodeofAmerica,andtheseparatesetmodeofGermanyandBritish.BothsimilaritiesanddifferencesareoriginatedfromdifferentproductionmodesandlifestylesaswellasdifferentculturaleducationtranditionsofChinaanddevelopedcountries.

2.Themanagementofphysicalhealtheducation

2.1Managementsystem

Justlikemanydevelopedcountries（notincludingGermanyandUSAthatimplementthedecentralizedmanagementintheirstates）,Chinahasbuiltthethree-levelcurriculummanagementsystemincludingthenationalcurriculumstandard,localcurriculumstandardandschoolteachingprogram.However,thesubjectsinvolvedinthethree-levelcurriculumsystemhavebeengivendifferentlevelsofauthority.Forexample,PE Teaching Syllabus,PEandHealthTeachingSyllabusandPEandHealthCurriculumStandardadoptedbymanyChineseschoolshavegonethroughthedelegationofauthority,whichisfeaturedbythecentralization,partiallyrestrictive,standardprovisionandtheinstructionforthreecurriculums.Thelocalgovernmenthasownedthehighestauthorityforthephysicaleducationandhealthcourses.Italsoencouragesthelocalschoolstodesignthedistinctivecoursestailoredtotheiractualcondition.（SuzanFAyers，ＲayDMartinez，2007）TheDepartmentofEducationandSkillsintheUKhaslaidoutthestandardfornationalcurriculumsrelatedtothehealtheducationandphysicaleducation.IncooperationwiththeNationalMinistryofHealth,NationalEducationStandardandPromotionCommitteeaswellastheQualificationandCurriculumQualitySupervisionBureau,ithasalsoengagedinthesupervision,instructionandevaluationoftherelevantcurriculums.ThehealthcurriculumadoptedbythosehighschoolsintheUKisshortforPersonal,SocialandHealthEducation（PSHE）.Itbecameacourserequiredbythenationallawin2002.Atpresent,evenmorethan50percentofthosehighschoolsandelementaryschoolsintheUKhavesetupthepositionofthecoordinatorforhealtheducation.ThosestatesandlocalauthoritiesinAustraliaarejointlyresponsiblefordesigningandmanagingthenationalcurriculumstandardforhealtheducation.Forinstance,thecurriculumforhealthandphysicaleducationinNewSouthWalesisshortforPersonalDevelopment,HealthandPhysicalEducation（PDHPE）.Itisalsotheonlyplacenamingitscurriculumforhealthandphysicaleducationinthiswayonaglobalscale.TheMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnologyinJapanisinchargeofdesigningtheLearningInstructionwhoseneweststandardwascompleteddurin