肢体语言论文.docx

肢体语言论文.docx

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肢体语言论文

中华人民共和国教育部

东北林业大学

毕业论文

论文题目：

从文化角度看肢体语言的差异

学生：

指导教师：

讲师

学院：

外国语学院

专业：

2011年6月

东北林业大学

毕业论文任务书

论文题目从文化角度看肢体语言的差异

指导教师讲师

专业

学生

2010年12月22日

题目：

从文化角度看肢体语言的差异

任务内容（包括内容、计划、时间安排、完成工作量与水平具体要求）

首先本文作者需深入了解肢体语言的定义和分类，在了解的基础上做到阅读大量相关文献，以便进行系统地对比分析。

其次，本文作者要对不同文化背景下、不同肢体语言在不同程度上所存在的差异进行解读和研究，在此基础上挖掘文化差异下肢体语言差异的根源和具体表现，在查阅相关资料后，陈述自己的观点和见解。

第三，文章作者要对文章脉络安排有合理的逻辑构思，做到重点突出，论证充分；条理清晰，思路明确；文章各部分及各段落有良好衔接，过渡平稳。

建议至少查阅20篇以上文献资料，认真撰写本文，使之达到一定的研究的水平。

建议时间安排如下：

2010年12月19日前收集资料，草拟写作提纲

2010年12月30日递交开题报告

2011年4月10日递交初稿

2011年5月5日递交修改稿

2011年5月22日递交最后修改稿

2011年5月30日打印论文

2011年6月15日毕业论文答辩

2011年6月26日修改、装订并递交正式论文

其中：

查阅文献篇数:

20篇以上

论文字数：

大约5000个英文单词

专业负责人意见

签名：

年月日

从文化角度看肢体语言的差异

摘要

人类的交际主要有两种方式：

一种是有声的言语交际，另一种是非言语交际。

据研究，语言交际在信息交流中占不足百分之三十五，而其余的信息是通过非言语交际手段实现的。

肢体语言是文化的一部分，不同的肢体语言在不同的文化背景下所表示的含义不尽相同，因此基于不同文化背景下的肢体语言在交际时所产生的冲突也日渐显露，成为当下一个亟待探索的领域。

本文基于文化视角，在借鉴前人成熟的理论研究的基础上，重新定位了肢体语言的内涵、基本特征以及主要功能；肯定了文化与肢体语言形成的紧密联系；并有针对性地例举了在中西不同文化背景下手势、姿势、面部表情和眼神的差异表现；并从集体主义和个人主义、高语境文化和低语境文化、阴性文化和阳性文化三个方面详细论述了差异产生的“隐性原因”。

对中西肢体语言的比较研究能够帮助人们尊重理解中美文化的差异，提高跨文化交际能力，对英语教学中如何更好的使用肢体语言也有一些帮助和启示。

关键词：

肢体语言；差异；文化角度

AnalysisonDifferencesofBodyLanguageinCulturalTerms

Abstract

Twobasicmeansofcommunicationareused,oneisverbalcommunicationandtheotherisnonverbalcommunication.Manyresearchshowedthatinaface-to-faceinteractionabout35percentofmeaningofinformationisperformedthroughwordswhiletheotherinformationisconveyedthroughnonverbalmeans.Bodylanguagebelongstoapartofculture.Itisunavoidabletohavebodylanguagemisunderstandingsincebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsindifferentculturebackground.Therefore,conflictsappearingintheprocessofcross-culturecommunicationareincreasingasforthedifferencesinculture,whichcomesintoafieldreadingmoreinvestigation.

Basedontheculturalterms,thispaper,borrowingsystematicaltheoriesofthepreviousscholars,redefines,characterizesandclarifiesthefunctionsofbodylanguage.Affirmingthecloserelationshipbetweencultureandbodylanguage,thispaperexemplifiesthetypicaldifferencesinChineseandWesternculturesfromfouraspects:

gesture,posture,facialexpressionandeyecontact.Then,emphasisispaidonthe“hiddendimensions”thatcausedsuchdifferences,namely,collectivismvs.individualism,highcontextualvs.lowcontextualcommunication,andfeminineculturevs.masculineculture.Throughcomparativestudyofbodylanguagesbetweentwoculturescanhelpusunderstandtheculturebetweentwocountriesinordertoreachtheaimofcommunicationeffectivelyandsuccessfully.Thethesiswillalsogivesomehelpandimplicationforforeignlanguageteaching.

KeyWords:

bodylanguage;differences;culturalterms

Contents

摘要

Abstract

Bibliography

Acknowledgement

AnalysisonDifferencesofBodyLanguageinCulturalTerms

1Introduction

1.1Backgrounds

Nowadays,theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller,whichhasbecomeaglobalvillage.Thuspeoplehavemorechancetocontactwithpeoplewhoarefromdifferentcultureastothequickdevelopmentofnotonlyscience,technologybutalsoeconomy.Cross-culturalcommunications,involvingcommunicationamongpeoplewhoarefromdifferentcountries,amongmanyothers,havebeenenjoyinginagreatpopularity.Theyconsistofverbalaswellasnonverbalcommunicating.

Yet,researchershaveshowedthatmostpartsofpeople’scommunicationareconveyedbynonverbalcommunication.Manyresearcheshavefoundthatwhenweinteractwithothersfacetoface,theverbalinformationcoversnomorethan35percentinthesocialmeaning,whileotherformsofnonverbalcommunicationcarriesmorethan65percent.AlbertMehrabianfindsthatonly7percentofamessageisconveyedthroughexplicitverbalinformation.（Gouran1992:

109）.Accordingtoresearches,ourvocalcuessuchasvolume,pitch,andintensitycarry38%whileourfacecarry55%oftheinformation.Inaword,about93%oftheemotionalmessageisconveyedbynonverbalcommunication,whichservesanexampleofnonverbalcommunicationhasthepotentialpower.

Asweallknow,therearedifferencesinnonverbalcommunicationofcrossculture,whichareusuallyobviousinmanyaspects.Duetoitshighsensitiveness,bodylanguagesplayalargepart.Thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentinterpretationbecauseofdifferentcultures.Differentbodylanguagecanbeusedindifferentbackground;however,theycanexpressthesamesignificance.Forinstance,behavioralcommunicationsuchascrying,smiling,andsoon,whichareinclinedtohavesimilarsignificancefromdifferentcountries.

1.2TheNecessitiesofStudyingBodyLanguage

Foronething,bodylanguageisusedwidelythatnobodycanignoretheimportanceofitsfunctionsincross-culturecommunication.Weneedtomasterpeople’saffectionsandemotionalstatesbasedontheiractions.Forexample,ifwehearsomeone’svoicequaveringandseehisorherhandstrembling,weinferthatthispersonisfearfuloranxious,despitewhatheorshemightsay.

Fortheother,bodylanguagecommunicationissignificantinhumaninteractionbecauseitusuallyhelpstocreatepeople’sfirstimpressions.Morethan90percentpeoplehavethemomentswhentheygetjudgmentsbasedonthefirstlook.Moreover,thoseinitialmessagesusuallycolortheperceptionofeverythingelsethatfollows.AsaChinesesayinggoes,“fallinloveatfirstsight.”Evenweselectfriendsorsexualpartnersbasedonourfirstimpressions.

Lastbutnottheleast,muchmoreefforthasbeenmadetowardsthestudyofverbalcommunicationinconnectionwithinterculturalcommunication,whilethestudyofnonverbalcommunicationhasbeenallbutneglected,especiallythecross-culturalstudyofbodylanguage.

1.3TheLayoutofThisPaper

Thepaperiscomposedofthefollowingfourparts:

Partonestatestheintroductionandthefocusoftheimportanceofbodylanguage.

Parttwogivesadefinitionofbodylanguage,statesthebasicfeaturesandmainfunctionsofbodylanguage.

PartthreeexplorestheinterculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagecommunicationbetweenChineseandAmericanintermsofgestures,postures,facialexpressionsandeyecontactsandculturalvalueswhichaffectthebodylanguage.

Partfourgivesconclusionsandputsforwardthelimitations.

2BasicFeaturesandMainFunctionsofBodyLanguage

2.1Definitions

Bodylanguageisnotalanguageinthestrictsenseoftheword“language”.“Bodylanguage”isexpressinghowonefeelsbyone’ssitting,standing,moving,etc,ratherbywords.（OxfordAdvancedLearnersEnglish-ChineseDictionary,1997）.Tosayinacommonway,bodylanguagesarethesebodyactionsorfacemovementstotransmitmessagesorcommunicatebetweenpeople.

Althoughitiscriticalthatstudentsofotherculturebeperceptivewhenitcomestounderstandingbothobjectandenvironmentallanguage,thefocusofthispaperismainlyonbodylanguage.RayL.Birdwhistell（1974）gavethename“kinesis”,tothedisciplineconcernedwiththestudyofallbodilymotionsthatarecommunicative.

Fromcommunicationaspect:

Bodylanguageisakindofnonverbalchannelofexpression.Itisnotaprocesstotransmitmessagesbythewaybelongingtospeak.Usingbodylanguageproperlymakescommunicationsgosmoothlybetweenpeople.Bodylanguageservestotallyforcommunication.Deviatingfromthatpurpose,bodylanguageisworthless.

Fromcultureaspect:

Asbodylanguageisakindof“language”,therelationsbetweenlanguageandculturenaturallyfitintoeachother.Thepopularityofonepostureoveranotherandtheemotionconveyedbyagivenpostureseemtobelargelydeterminedbyculture.Thesameculturesharesacommonidiom;thatistosay,thattheytendtouseagivennonverbalsignalinthesameway.Iftwopeoplereadasignalinadifferentway,itispartialevidencesthattheybelongtodifferentcultures.Thisiswhywemuststudybodylanguageincross-culturalcommunication.Becausethemisinterpretationofbodylanguagewillcausethemisunderstandingandevenmoreworse,studyingbodylanguagecannotbedonewithoutculturalcircumstance.

2.2BasicFeatures

Bodylanguageisaformofhumancommunication,andthatthiskindofcommunicationismorecomplicatedthanthetermdenotes.Ithasthefollowingimportantcharacteristics:

2.2.1Polysemy

Abodylanguagehasmorethantwomeaningsiscalledpolysemybodylanguage.Thisfeatureismainlyduetothedifferencesofthegivenculturalcontext.Forexample,shakingtheheadcanmeanreject,disagree,andnotunderstand.Bodylanguageinacertaincontexthascertainmeaning.Polysemyofbodylanguagecaninfluencepeople’scommunicationinaspecificcontext.

2.2.2Synonymy

Onemeaningcanbeshownbymorethantwobodylanguageiscalledsynonymybodylanguage.Hereisanexample,gesturesofshakinghands,nodding,orraisehandcanshowthesamemeaning-greeting.

2.2.3Obscurity

Obscuritymeansthecomplexityofbodylanguage.Evenexpertsinkinesicscannotnamepreciselyallthevocabularyofgestures,forexample，whenanAmericanrubshisnose,itmaymeanheisdisagreeingwithsomeone.Butthereareotherexplanationstoo,suchashesitation,dissatisfaction,etc.Whenthisoccurs,wemusttrytogetfurtherinformationorguessthemeaningfromthecontextofthesituation.Inaword,allbodylanguageshouldbeexplainedinacertaincontexttoignorethesituationcouldcausemisunderstandings.

2.2.4Nationality

Differentnationshavedifferentcultures,andculturedifferencescanbeseeninbodylanguage.Althoughallhumanbeingssharesomebornbodylanguage,therearereallygreatdifferencesinexpressingideasbybodylanguage.