职称英语考试教材于出版发行.docx
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职称英语考试教材于出版发行
2014年理工类职称英语考试教材新增:
补全短文第四篇
2014年职称英语考试教材于11月15日出版发行,网校为考生们搜集整理了理工类职称英语新版教材新增部分内容,以供大家参考。
补全短文第四篇、TheBilingualBrain
WhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKorea‘sateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.1Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork.____1____Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.
TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI2(magneticresonanceimaging)scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.____2____.Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn‘tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.
KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca'sarea3,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke‘sarea3,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.____3____
PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca‘sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca’sareafortheirsecondlanguage.____4____Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.
Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouch,sound,andsight.____5____
词汇:
immigrate vt.使移居入境
scannern.扫描仪
bilingualadj.具备双语能力的
neuroscientistn.神经系统科学家
uniqueadj.独特的
disrupt使中断
注释:
1.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.现在他说一口流利的英语,并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。
adaptto:
适应
2.MRI(magneticresonanceimaging):
磁共振成像
3.Bmca‘sarea:
布洛卡区,也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区,它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生。
与Wernicke’sarea共同形成语言系统。
布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑(通常位于左侧),这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故。
1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗。
布罗卡(PaulBroca,1824—1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域,位于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区,故以其发现者的名字命名为布罗卡区。
练习:
AButtheiruseofBroca‘sareawasdifferent.
BOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren.
CHowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?
DWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguagelearning.
EAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass.
FTheirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.
答案与题解:
1.F根据本空的后一句:
Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon‘tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.其中theyfoundevidence与discovery相呼应。
2.B依据本空的后一句Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.one...theother是一固定搭配,用来比较同类事物。
3.A整段讲的是Kim他们对大脑的两个语言中心的分析,得出两组被试都用Wernicke‘sarea中同一地带,紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca’sarea的情况。
4.C本段的开头谈到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca‘sarea相同的地带;而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca’sarea不同的地带。
后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释;Hebelieves…根据上下文C是恰当的。
5.E该句是全文的结束语。
本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言的不同,Hirsch认为,母亲教小孩说话用不同于成人的方法,比如用触摸、声音和情景。
Different是一关键词,所以,我们在中学和大学课堂学语言的方法和母亲教孩子的方法是不同的。
阅读理解第二十九篇I‘llBeBach
ComposerDavidCopeistheinventorofacomputerprogramthatwritesoriginalworksofclassicalmusic.IttookCope30yearstodevelopthesoftware.Nowmostpeoplecan‘ttellthedifferencebetweenmusicbythefamousGermancomposerJ.S.Bach(1685-1750)andtheBach-likecompositionsfromCope’scomputer.
Itallstartedin1980intheUnitedStates,whenCopewastryingtowriteanopera.Hewashavingtroublethinkingofnewmelodies,sohewroteacomputerprogramtocreatethemelodies.Atfirstthismusicwasnoteasytolistento.WhatdidCopedo?
Hebegantorethinkhowhumanbeingscomposemusic.Herealizedthatcomposers,brainsworklikebigdatabases.First,theytakeinallthemusicthattheyhaveeverheard.Thentheytakeoutthemusicthattheydislike.Finally,theymakenewmusicfromwhatisleft.AccordingtoCope,onlythegreatcomposersareabletocreatethedatabaseaccurately,rememberit,andformnewmusicalpatternsfromit.
Copebuiltahugedatabaseofexistingmusic.HebeganwithhundredsofworksbyBach.Thesoftwareanalyzedthedata:
itbrokeitdownintosmallerpiecesandlookedforpatterns.Itthencombinedthepiecesintonewpatterns.Beforelong,theprogramcouldcomposeshortBach-likeworks.Theyweren‘tgood,butitwasastart.
Copeknewhehadmoreworktodo-hehadawholeoperatowrite.Hecontinuedtoimprovethesoftware.Soonitcouldanalyzemorecomplexmusic.Healsoaddedmanyothercomposers,includinghisownwork,tothedatabase.
Afewyearslater,Cope‘scomputerprogram,called“Emmy”,wasreadytohelphimwithhisopera.TheprocessrequiredalotofcollaborationbetweenthecomposerandEmmy.Copelistenedtothecomputer’smusicalideasandusedtheonesthatheliked.WithEmmy,theoperatookonlytwoweekstofinish.ItwascalledCradleFalling,anditwasagreatsuccess!
Copereceivedsomeofthebestreviewsofhiscareer,butnooneknewexactlyhowhehadcomposedthework.
Sincethatfirstopera,Emmyhaswrittenthousandsofcompositions.CopestillgivesEmmyfeedbackonwhathelikesanddoesn‘tlikeofhermusic,butsheisdoingmostofthehardworkofcomposingthesedays!
词汇:
originaladj.有独创性的
collaborationn.合作
reviewn.评论
feedbackn.反馈
注释:
J.S.Bach约翰塞巴斯蒂安巴赫(德语:
JohannSebastianBach,1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日),巴洛克时期的德国作曲家,杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家,同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。
巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一,并被尊称为“西方‘现代音乐’之父”,也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
练习:
1.ThemusiccomposedbyDavidcopeisabout______.
AClassicalmusic
Bpopmusic
Cdrama
Dcountrymusic
2.Bydevelopingacomputersoftware,Davidcopeaimed______.
AtobelikeBach
BtostudyBach
Ctowriteanopera
Dtocreateamusicaldatabase
3.Whatdidcoperealizeaboutagreatcomposer‘sbrain?
AItformsnewmusicalpatternsallbyitself
BItwritesacomputerprogram
CItcanrecognizeanymusicpatterns
DItcreatesanaccuratedatabase
4.WhoisEmmy?
Aadatabase
Bacomputersoftware
CacomposerwhohelpedDavid
Danopera
5.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.
ADavidCopeisacomputerprogrammer.
BDavidCopelovesmusic.
CBach‘smusichelpedhimalot.
DEmmydidmuchmoreworkthanacomposer.
答案与题解:
1.A第一段的第一句:
DavidCope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。
2.C从第二段的第一句可以看出,David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。
A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。
3.D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。
4.B从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计算机软件。
5.D从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家,不是计算机程序员,所以排除A;B、C内容没有提及;从本文的第五段和第六段可知,Emmy大大提高了David的创作速度,最后一句,大部分困难的工作都由Emmy来做,所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。
2014年理工类职称英语考试教材新增:
阅读判断第十四篇
2013-11-2116:
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中华会计网校整理 我要纠错|打印|收藏|大|中|小
2014年职称英语考试教材于11月15日出版发行,网校为考生们搜集整理了理工类职称英语新版教材新增部分内容,以供大家参考。
阅读判断第十四篇StageFright1
Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That‘sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic,2Mr.Feltsmansaid,“Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen?
”
Today,musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms:
icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind.3
Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,4tomentaldiscipline,suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don‘tdenythatyou’rejittery,theyurge;someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften,simplyfortheexperience.
PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggestssomestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance,“Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths,openupyourshoulders,thensmile,‘’shesays.”Andnotoneofthese‘pleasedon’tkillme‘smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience,peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto,andmakeeyecontactwiththem.“Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.
Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright,saysDorothyDelay,awell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve.
WhenLynnHarrellwas20,hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestra,andhesufferedextremestagefright.“ThereweretimeswhenIgotsonervousIwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.IcametoapointwhereIthought,‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”5Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.6
Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosuffer,ofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz‘snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.“Theyhadtopushhimonstage,”SopranoRenataScottorecalled.
Actually,successcanmakethingsworse.“Inthebeginningofyourcareer,whenyou