期末英语读写复习资料.docx

期末英语读写复习资料.docx

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期末英语读写复习资料

Afghanistan-----acountryonthebrinkofahumanitariandisaster,alandfilledwithfleeingrefugees,starvingpeople,andturbanedterroristsintrainingcamps.TVpicturestellthestoryofacountryinruinandpoverty,acountrybroughtalmosttototaldestructionbytwentyyearsofwarandstruggle.Yetonce-----thoughpoor-----thiswasaproudnation,andabeautifulcountry,andonewitharichculturalheritage……

 ApartfromthenationsofEurope,therearefewcountriesintheworldthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule----oratleastneverinrecenttimes;Afghanistanwasoneofthem.Manycenturiesago,GenghisKhan’stroopsrodedownfromMongolia,mercilesslykillingthemountaintribesmenofAfghanistanwhodaredtoresisttheinvader;butapartfromthishumiliatingperiodintime,theAfghanistans----whoareinfactamixtureofthreeseparateethnicgroups----haveheldtheirheadshighinthefaceofinvasion.

 Thecountrythatisnowatthecenteroftheworld’sattentionwasonceoneoftheworld’sproudestnations,andanationthatothercountriesinvadedattheirownrisk.Inthe19thcenturythearmiesoftheBritishEmpireknewthatAfghanistanwasnotacountrytointerferewith.

Ahundredandtwentyyearsago,in1881,BritishsoldierswerenonethelessstationedintheAfghancapital,Kabul.Theyweretherefortworeasons,firstlytohelpstoptheRussiansfrominvadingthecountry,andsecondlytoensuretheexistenceofanindependentbuffer-statebetweentheRussianEmpiretothenorth,andtheBritishEmpireinIndia（modernPakistan）tothesoutheast.

QueenVictoriawouldhavelikedtoaddAfghanistantoherempire,buthersoldiersneversucceededinthismission,thoughtheytried,andfailed.In1879,thewholeBritishMission（embassy）inKabul,includingservants,wasmassacredbyagroupofrebelAfghansoldiers,furiousbecausetheyhadnotbeenpaidbytheirownking,MohammedYacoub.YacoubwasfriendlytotheBritish,sotheBritishgottheblame.ThestoryoftheKabulMassacrewasrememberedforalongtimebytheBritishinIndia,andrecordedbyseveralVictorianwritersandpoets.

OtherbloodyeventsalsomarkedtherelationshipbetweentheBritishandtheAfghansinthe19thcentury.In1842,inthenotoriousbattleoftheKhyberPass,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansastheyreturnedfromashortraidintothecountry.Justoneman,adoctor,managedtosurvivethemassacre,andmakehiswaybacktothesafetyofIndia,totellthestoryoftheterribleevent.

ThoughtheworldhaschangedalotsinceVictoriantimes,Afghanistanhaschangedlittle.Inmanyways,theTalibanhaveevenmovedthecountrybackintime,adarkageofignorance,intoleranceandrepression;butevenwithouttheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldstill,today,beoneoftheworld’smostundevelopednations.Land-locked,asidefrommostmodernroutesofcommunication,andbrokenupbythemightyHinduKushmountainsandbyvastdeserts,Afghanistan,likethe“tribalterritory”ofnorthwestPakistan,hasremainedfiercelyindependentfromoutsideinterference,andstronglyattachedtoitstraditionalways.

Forthelasttwenty-fiveyears,theAfghanpeoplehavesufferedfromwaranddestruction:

theoverthrowofthemonarchy,thentheinvasionbytheSovietUnionin1978,thenthewaragainsttheSoviets,thenthestruggleforcontrolofthecountrybetweentheTalibanandthesupportersofGeneralMassoud,nowthemassivedepartureofapeopleonthevergeofstarvation,drivenfromtheirhomesasmuchbyfearoftheTalibanasbythethreatofmilitaryinvasion.

Yetinspiteofallthis,despitethedestructionofalargepartoftheircountry,theAfghanpeopleremainkindandhospitable.OlderAfghansrememberbacktoapast,whentheylivedinpeaceandrelativesecurity;youngerAfghans,whohaveneverknownaneraofpeace,lookforwardtothedaywhenanewageofpeacewillcome.Hopefully,thatnewdawnwillnotbetoofaraway.

Statements

1.Afghanistanusedtobeapeacefulcountrythatneversufferedfromanyforeigninvasion.

2.Afghanistanisoneofthefewcountriesthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule.

3.GenghisKhan’stroopssufferedabiglosswhentheytriedtoconquerAfghanistan.

4.In1881,BritainsoldierswerestationedinAfghanistaninordertoestablishanindependentandpeacefulstatebetweenRussiaandBritishIndia.

5.TheentireBritishMissioninKabulwascruellykilledbecausetheywantedtopreventtheBritishfrominvadingAfghanistan.

6.QueenVictoriaregrettedsendingtheBritishMissionintoAfghanistanafterthe1879massacre.

7.In1842,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansandnoonesurvivedinthebloodyevent.

8.IfitwerenotfortheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldhavealreadybecomeadevelopedcountry.

9.NowmanyAfghanpeoplesufferfromstarvation,Taliban’styrannyandmilitaryeventsandhavetoleavetheirowncountry.

10.InAfghanistan,neithertheolderpeoplenortheyouthwantanychangesintheirlife.

PassageOne

Respectbeingswithintheindividuals.Theoriginalstateofrespectisbasedonawarenessoftheselfasaunityentity,alifeforcewithin,aspiritualbeing,asoul.Theelevatedconsciousnessofknowing“WhoIam”arisesfromarealplaceofpureworth.Withsuchinsight,thereisfaithintheselfandwholenessandcompletenesswithin.Withselfrealization,oneexperiencestrueself-respect

      Conflicttakesplacewhentheawarenessofone’soriginalnatureandtheoriginalnatureoftheotherislacking.Asaresult,externalnegativeinfluencesrulesupremeoverrespect.Tobestabilizedintheelevatedstageoftheselfensuresgenuinerespectforandfromothers,sinceoneactsintheconsciousnessthateveryhumanbeinghasinnate（天生的）worthwhichispureandvirtuous.Suchamindsetguaranteesfinalvictory,sinceinteractiononthatbasisassuresthattheinherentgoodnessoftheselfandotheremerges.

      Todevelopthevalueofrespectwithintheselfandtogiveitpracticalexpressionindailylifeisthechallenge.Obstaclesareencounteredtotestthestrengthofrespect,andtheseareoftenfeltatthemostvulnerable（易受攻击的）times.Self-confidenceisneededtodealwithcircumstancesinanoptimistic,hopeful,andself-assuredmanner.Insituationswhenallsupportsseemtohavevanished,whatremainsloyalistheextenttowhichonehasbeenabletobecomeself-reliantinternally.

      Respectisanacknowledgementoftheinherentworthandinnaterightsoftheindividualandcollective.Thesemustberecognizedasthecentralfocustodrawfrompeopleacommitmenttoahigherpurposeinlife.Internationalrespectandrecognitionfor\intellectualrightsandcreativeidealsmustbeobservedwithoutdiscrimination（区分）.Theeminence（显赫）oflifeispresentineveryone,andeveryhumanbeinghasarighttothejoyoflivingwithrespectanddignity.

Statements:

1.      1.Whenthereisself-realization,trueself-confidencewilltakeplace.

2.      2.Conflictresultfromthelackofawarenessofhumanbeing’soriginalnature.

3.      3.Selfrespectisneededtodealwithcircumstancesoptimistically,helpfullyandsurely.

4.      4.Theinherentworthandinnaterightsensurepeopletohaveahigherpurposeinlife.

5.      5.Allhumanbeingsarelivingwithrespectanddignity.

PassageTwo

Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated（膨胀）withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andGooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.

GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BringandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Bring,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.

Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookwordmatches,italsotallied（统计）andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother,Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogle（themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes）,butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient（有先见之明的）professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoff campustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.

Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.

Statements:

6.ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.PageaswellasaseriesoffortunateeventshasmadeGooglesuccessful.

7.      7.Google’ssearchenginestartedfromtheacademicprojectinitiatedbyL.Page.

8.      8.BrinandPagedecidedtostarttheirownbusinessbecausenoonewasinterestedintheirtechnol