美国心理学者的伦理行为准则 修订版.docx

美国心理学者的伦理行为准则 修订版.docx

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美国心理学者的伦理行为准则修订版

EthicalPrinciplesofPsychologistsandCodeofConduct

2010Amendments

IntroductionandApplicability

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation's（APA）EthicalPrinciplesofPsychologistsandCodeofConduct（hereinafterreferredtoastheEthicsCode）consistsofanIntroduction,aPreamble,fiveGeneralPrinciples,andspecificEthicalStandards.TheIntroductiondiscussestheintent,organization,proceduralconsiderations,andscopeofapplicationoftheEthicsCode.ThePreambleandGeneralPrinciplesareaspirationalgoalstoguidepsychologiststowardthehighestidealsofpsychology.AlthoughthePreambleandGeneralPrinciplesarenotthemselvesenforceablerules,theyshouldbeconsideredbypsychologistsinarrivingatanethicalcourseofaction.TheEthicalStandardssetforthenforceablerulesforconductaspsychologists.MostoftheEthicalStandardsarewrittenbroadly,inordertoapplytopsychologistsinvariedroles,althoughtheapplicationofanEthicalStandardmayvarydependingonthecontext.TheEthicalStandardsarenotexhaustive.ThefactthatagivenconductisnotspecificallyaddressedbyanEthicalStandarddoesnotmeanthatitisnecessarilyeitherethicalorunethical.

ThisEthicsCodeappliesonlytopsychologists'activitiesthatarepartoftheirscientific,educational,orprofessionalrolesaspsychologists.Areascoveredincludebutarenotlimitedtotheclinical,counseling,andschoolpracticeofpsychology;research;teaching;supervisionoftrainees;publicservice;policydevelopment;socialintervention;developmentofassessmentinstruments;conductingassessments;educationalcounseling;organizationalconsulting;forensicactivities;programdesignandevaluation;andadministration.ThisEthicsCodeappliestotheseactivitiesacrossavarietyofcontexts,suchasinperson,postal,telephone,internet,andotherelectronictransmissions.Theseactivitiesshallbedistinguishedfromthepurelyprivateconductofpsychologists,whichisnotwithinthepurviewoftheEthicsCode.

MembershipintheAPAcommitsmembersandstudentaffiliatestocomplywiththestandardsoftheAPAEthicsCodeandtotherulesandproceduresusedtoenforcethem.LackofawarenessormisunderstandingofanEthicalStandardisnotitselfadefensetoachargeofunethicalconduct.

Theproceduresforfiling,investigating,andresolvingcomplaintsofunethicalconductaredescribedinthecurrentRulesandProceduresoftheAPAEthicsCommittee.APAmayimposesanctionsonitsmembersforviolationsofthestandardsoftheEthicsCode,includingterminationofAPAmembership,andmaynotifyotherbodiesandindividualsofitsactions.ActionsthatviolatethestandardsoftheEthicsCodemayalsoleadtotheimpositionofsanctionsonpsychologistsorstudentswhetherornottheyareAPAmembersbybodiesotherthanAPA,includingstatepsychologicalassociations,otherprofessionalgroups,psychologyboards,otherstateorfederalagencies,andpayorsforhealthservices.Inaddition,APAmaytakeactionagainstamemberafterhisorherconvictionofafelony,expulsionorsuspensionfromanaffiliatedstatepsychologicalassociation,orsuspensionorlossoflicensure.WhenthesanctiontobeimposedbyAPAislessthanexpulsion,the2001RulesandProceduresdonotguaranteeanopportunityforanin-personhearing,butgenerallyprovidethatcomplaintswillberesolvedonlyonthebasisofasubmittedrecord.

TheEthicsCodeisintendedtoprovideguidanceforpsychologistsandstandardsofprofessionalconductthatcanbeappliedbytheAPAandbyotherbodiesthatchoosetoadoptthem.TheEthicsCodeisnotintendedtobeabasisofcivilliability.WhetherapsychologisthasviolatedtheEthicsCodestandardsdoesnotbyitselfdeterminewhetherthepsychologistislegallyliableinacourtaction,whetheracontractisenforceable,orwhetherotherlegalconsequencesoccur.

ThemodifiersusedinsomeofthestandardsofthisEthicsCode（e.g.,reasonably,appropriate,potentially）areincludedinthestandardswhentheywould

（1）allowprofessionaljudgmentonthepartofpsychologists,

（2）eliminateinjusticeorinequalitythatwouldoccurwithoutthemodifier,（3）ensureapplicabilityacrossthebroadrangeofactivitiesconductedbypsychologists,or（4）guardagainstasetofrigidrulesthatmightbequicklyoutdated.AsusedinthisEthicsCode,thetermreasonablemeanstheprevailingprofessionaljudgmentofpsychologistsengagedinsimilaractivitiesinsimilarcircumstances,giventheknowledgethepsychologisthadorshouldhavehadatthetime.

Intheprocessofmakingdecisionsregardingtheirprofessionalbehavior,psychologistsmustconsiderthisEthicsCodeinadditiontoapplicablelawsandpsychologyboardregulations.InapplyingtheEthicsCodetotheirprofessionalwork,psychologistsmayconsiderothermaterialsandguidelinesthathavebeenadoptedorendorsedbyscientificandprofessionalpsychologicalorganizationsandthedictatesoftheirownconscience,aswellasconsultwithotherswithinthefield.IfthisEthicsCodeestablishesahigherstandardofconductthanisrequiredbylaw,psychologistsmustmeetthehigherethicalstandard.Ifpsychologists'ethicalresponsibilitiesconflictwithlaw,regulations,orothergoverninglegalauthority,psychologistsmakeknowntheircommitmenttothisEthicsCodeandtakestepstoresolvetheconflictinaresponsiblemannerinkeepingwithbasicprinciplesofhumanrights.

Preamble

Psychologistsarecommittedtoincreasingscientificandprofessionalknowledgeofbehaviorandpeople'sunderstandingofthemselvesandothersandtotheuseofsuchknowledgetoimprovetheconditionofindividuals,organizations,andsociety.Psychologistsrespectandprotectcivilandhumanrightsandthecentralimportanceoffreedomofinquiryandexpressioninresearch,teaching,andpublication.Theystrivetohelpthepublicindevelopinginformedjudgmentsandchoicesconcerninghumanbehavior.Indoingso,theyperformmanyroles,suchasresearcher,educator,diagnostician,therapist,supervisor,consultant,administrator,socialinterventionist,andexpertwitness.ThisEthicsCodeprovidesacommonsetofprinciplesandstandardsuponwhichpsychologistsbuildtheirprofessionalandscientificwork.

ThisEthicsCodeisintendedtoprovidespecificstandardstocovermostsituationsencounteredbypsychologists.Ithasasitsgoalsthewelfareandprotectionoftheindividualsandgroupswithwhompsychologistsworkandtheeducationofmembers,students,andthepublicregardingethicalstandardsofthediscipline.

Thedevelopmentofadynamicsetofethicalstandardsforpsychologists'work-relatedconductrequiresapersonalcommitmentandlifelongefforttoactethically;toencourageethicalbehaviorbystudents,supervisees,employees,andcolleagues;andtoconsultwithothersconcerningethicalproblems.

GeneralPrinciples

ThissectionconsistsofGeneralPrinciples.GeneralPrinciples,asopposedtoEthicalStandards,areaspirationalinnature.Theirintentistoguideandinspirepsychologiststowardtheveryhighestethicalidealsoftheprofession.GeneralPrinciples,incontrasttoEthicalStandards,donotrepresentobligationsandshouldnotformthebasisforimposingsanctions.RelyinguponGeneralPrinciplesforeitherofthesereasonsdistortsboththeirmeaningandpurpose.

PrincipleA:

BeneficenceandNonmaleficence

Psychologistsstrivetobenefitthosewithwhomtheyworkandtakecaretodonoharm.Intheirprofessionalactions,psychologistsseektosafeguardthewelfareandrightsofthosewithwhomtheyinteractprofessionallyandotheraffectedpersons,andthewelfareofanimalsubjectsofresearch.Whenconflictsoccuramongpsychologists'obligationsorconcerns,theyattempttoresolvetheseconflictsinaresponsiblefashionthatavoidsorminimizesharm.Becausepsychologists'scientificandprofessionaljudgmentsandactionsmayaffectthelivesofothers,theyarealerttoandguardagainstpersonal,financial,social,organizational,orpoliticalfactorsthatmightleadtomisuseoftheirinfluence.Psychologistsstrivetobeawareofthepossibleeffectoftheirownphysicalandmentalhealthontheirabilitytohelpthosewithwhomtheywork.

PrincipleB:

FidelityandResponsibility

Psychologistsestablishrelationshipsoftrustwiththosewithwhomtheywork.Theyareawareoftheirprofessionalandscientificresponsibilitiestosocietyandtothespecificcommunitiesinwhichtheywork.Psychologistsupholdprofessionalstandardsofconduct,clarifytheirprofessionalrolesandobligations,acceptappropriateresponsibilityfortheirbehavior,andseektomanageconflictsofinterestthatcouldleadtoexploitationorharm.Psychologistsconsultwith,referto,orcooperatewithotherprofessionalsandinstitutionstotheextentneededtoservethebestinterestsofthosewithwhomtheywork.Theyareconcernedabouttheethicalcomplianceoftheircolleagues'scientificandprofessionalconduct.Psychologistsstrivetocontributeaportionoftheirprofessionaltimeforlittleornocompensationorpersonaladvantage.

PrincipleC:

Integrity

Psychologistsseektopromoteaccuracy,honesty,andtruthfulnessinthescience,teaching,andpracticeofpsychology.Intheseactivitiespsychologistsdonotsteal,cheat,orengageinfraud,subterfuge,orintentionalmisrepresentationoffact.Psychologistsstrivetokeeptheirpromisesandtoavoidunwiseorunclearcommitments.Insituationsinwhichdeceptionmaybeethicallyjustifiabletomaximizebenefitsandminimizeharm,psychologistshaveaseriousobligationtoconsidertheneedfor,thepossibleconsequencesof,andtheirresponsibilitytocorrectanyresultingmistrust