长难句语法分类.docx

长难句语法分类.docx

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长难句语法分类

i基本：

（并列、转折、因果、对比）

1.Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering-slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth（about4,500billionyears

（1）（and/but）

2.Anestimated99.85percentofthemassofoursolarsystemiscontainedwithintheSun,whiletheplanetscollectivelymakeupmostoftheremaining0.15percent.（3）（while）

3.Also,becauseoftheirrelativelocations,thefourJovianplanetsareknownastheouterplanets,whiletheterrestrialplanetsareknownastheinnerplanets.（3）（while）

4.Thedensitiesoftheterrestrialplanetsaverageabout5timesthedensityofwater,whereastheJovianplanetshavedensitiesthataverageonly1.5timesthedensityofwater.（3）（whereas）

5.SometimeaftermidnightonFebruary8,1969,alarge,brightmeteorenteredEarth'satmosphereandbrokeintothousandsofpieces,plummetedtotheground,andscatteredoveranarea50mileslongand10mileswideinthestateofChihuahuainMexico.（4）（and）

6.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.（5）（whereas）

7.Probablythemostimportantenvironmentalfactoristemperature,forifthegrowingseasonistooshortandtemperaturesaretoolow,treeshootsandbudscannotmaturesufficientlytosurvivethewintermonths.（5）（for）

8.Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.（5）（while）

9.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface（5）（and）

10.Sporeslightenoughtofloatonthebreezeswerecarriedthousandsofmilesfrommoreancientlandsanddepositedatrandomacrossthebaremountainflanks.（6）（and）

11.Theircalculationsshowthattheimpactkickedupadustcloudthatcutoffsunlightforseveralmonths,inhibitingphotosynthesisinplants;decreasedsurfacetemperaturesoncontinentstobelowfreezing;causedextremeepisodesofacidrain;andsignificantlyraisedlong-termglobaltemperaturesthroughthegreenhouseeffect.（8）（and）

12.Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater（9）（and）

13.Inothercases,thefinerparticlesmayberemoved,whilethesand-sizedparticlesareaccumulatedtoformmobilehillsorridgesofsand.（9）（while）

14.Duringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarinexcessofitsdiminishedcapacity,anddesertificationresults.（9）（and）

15.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity（10）（while）

16.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.（11）（or）

17.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles（“feedback”）aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoaperson'sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatperson'semotionalstate.（12）（so）

18.Theseexpeditionswerelikelydrivenbypopulationgrowthandpoliticaldynamicsonthehomeislands,aswellasthechallengeandexcitementofexploringunknownwaters.（13）（and）

19.Itmayhavedevelopedindependently,butmanyscholarsbelievethatthespreadofagricultureandironthroughoutAfricalinkedittothemajorcentersoftheNearEastandMediterraneanworld（14）（but）

20.Oncetheideaofplantingdiffused,Africansbegantodeveloptheirowncrops,suchascertainvarietiesofrice,andtheydemonstratedacontinuedreceptivenesstonewimports.（14）（and）

21.Statueswerecreatednotfortheirdecorativeeffectbuttoplayaprimaryroleinthecultsofthegods,theking,andthedead.（16）（not…but…）

22..ThefunctionandstatusofceramicsinChinavariedfromdynastytodynasty,sotheymaybeutilitarian,burial,trade-collectors',orevenritualobjects,accordingtotheirqualityandtheerainwhichtheyweremade.（作业2）（so）

23.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.（作业2）（but/for）

24.TheChinesethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.（作业2）（and）

25.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,Chinesepotterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettotheChinesetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.（作业2）（yet）

26.Youngchildrenaretrustingofcommercialadvertisementsinthemedia,andadvertisershavesometimesbeenaccusedoftakingadvantageofthistrustingoutlook（作业4）（and）

27.TheIndependentTelevisionCommission,regulatoroftelevisionadvertisingintheUnitedKingdom,hascriticizedadvertisersfor"misleadingness'—creatingawrongimpressioneitherintentionallyorunintentionally—inanefforttocontroladvertisers'useoftechniquesthatmakeitdifficultforchildrentojudgethetruesize,action,performance,orconstructionofatoy.（作业4）（either…or…）

28.ResearcherCharlesAtkinfoundthatchildrenbelievethatthecharactersusedtoadvertisebreakfastcerealsareknowledgeableaboutcereals,andchildrenacceptsuchcharactersascrediblesourcesofnutritionalinformation（作业4）（and）

29.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.（作业5）（notonly…butalso…）

30.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.（作业5）（not…but…）

31.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andself-disciplined.（作业5）（for）

32.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.（作业5）（and）

33.ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,labor'sstrengthcollapsed（作业5）（but）

34.Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkers'righttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact（作业5）（but）

35.Forthem,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.（作业5）（not…but…）

36.WhereasGreecehadgrownfromscoresofscatteredcities,Romegrewfromonesingleorganism.（作业6）（whereas）

37.WhiletheGreekworldhadexpandedalongtheMediterraneanseaslanes,theRomanworldwasassembledbyterritorialconquest（作业6）（while）

38.ThereisaqualityofcohesivenessabouttheRomanworldthatappliedneithertoGreecenorperhapstoanyothercivilization,ancientormodern.（作业6）（neither…nor…）

39.Sheassembledanall-femalecompanyatthistimeandestablishedaschoolaround1908,butneithersurvivedher.（作业7）（but）

40.In1831whenSmithwasfinallyrecognizedbytheGeologicalSocietyofLondonasthe“fatherofEnglishgeology”,itwasnotonlyforhismapsbutalsoforsomethingevenmoreimportant．（作业8）（notonly…butalso…）

定从：

（非限、关系代词、关系副词、as、whose、介词+关系代词、模糊地点状态）

1.About400millionyearsago,whenthepresent-daycontinentsofNorthAmericaandEuropewerejoined,theCaledonianmountainchainwasthesamesizeasthemodernHimalayas

（1）（when/非限）

2.Theexposedrocksareattackedbythevariousweatherprocessesandgraduallybrokendownintofragments,whicharethencarriedawayandlaterdepositedassediments.

（1）（which/非限）

3..Geothermalenergybecomesavailableinapracticalformwhenundergroundheatistransferredbywaterthatisheatedasitpassesthroughasubsurfaceregionofhotrocks（aheatreservoir）thatmaybehundredsorthousandsoffeetdeep

（2）（that）

4.Geothermalenergyisinasensenotrenewable,becauseinmostcasestheheatwouldbedrawnoutofareservoirmuchmorerapidlythanitwouldbereplacedbytheveryslowgeologicalprocessesbywhichheatflowsthroughsolidrockintoaheatreservoir

（2）（bywhich）

5.ItishypothesizedthattheprimordialcloudofdustandgasfromwhichalltheplanetsarethoughttohavecondensedhadacompositionsomewhatsimilartothatofJupiter.（3）（fromwhich）

6.Altogether,roughlytwotonsofmeteoritefragmentswererecovered,allofwhichbearthenameAllendeforthelocationofthefirstdiscovery.（4）（ofwhich）

7.Inmanysemiaridareasthereisalsoalowertimberlinewheretheforestpassesintosteppeordesertatitsloweredge,usuallybecauseofalackofmoisture.（5）（where）

8.Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes（5）（as）

9.Itissignificantthattheearliestlivingthingsthatbuiltcommunitiesontheseislandsareexamplesofsymbiosis,aphenomenonthatdependsupontheclosecooperationoftwoormoreformsoflifeandaprinciplethatisveryimportantinislandcommunities.（6）（that）

10.Theseplantspropagatebyproducingspores-tinyfer