Ireland.docx

Ireland.docx

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Ireland

ⅠIreland（page1-11）

Climate:

Irelandisnotveryhotduringsummer,norverycoldinwinter,actuallyithasaquitetemperateclimate_____doesnotvaryfromoneseasontothenext.

Irelandhadaquiteunspoiledlandscape,duetothecomparativepovertyofthecountry.Conflictsoftenarisebetweenthosewhoseekdevelopmentandthosewhoseektoprotecttheenvironment.

Fivedecision-making

EveryIrelandcitizenof35yearsofageoroveriseligibletorunforPresident.Everyresidentcitizenovertheageofeighteenyearsmayvoteatthefirstfourofthefollowingonlyifhe/sheisinanypartofBritain;butthelocalelectioncanonlybecarriedoutbythelocalresidents,regardlessofcitizenship;EUcitizenmayvoteatEuropeanandlocalelection,whichmeanstheEuropeanshavepartoftherightofIrelandcitizens.

TheelectionofthePresident（forsevenyears）

Dail（orParliamentary）election（foratleastfiveyears）

Referenda（公民投票）onproposedConstitutionalamendments

TheelectionofrepresentativestotheEuropeanParliament（forfiveyears）

Electionstolocalauthorities（forfiveyears）

Formation

1）ThefirstsettlerfromcontinentalEuropebeforeBC

2）800AD,Vikinginvasionslastedmorethanacentury

3）Normanfromabout10thcenturyon.In1169markedthebeginningofmorethan700yearsofdirectNormanruling.

4）fullcontroloftheEnglishcrownoftheislandbeganaftertheEnglishReformation（maybein1801）

Government

AfterindependencefromtheGreatBritain,IrelandtakesapolitymixedwithboththeBritainandtheUnitedStates.

Government

Irelandisarepresentativedemocracy:

mostofitsofficesarefilledthroughelection,eitherdirectorindirect,bytherepresentativesofIrishpeople.

TheGovernmentisheadedbyPresident,nottheQueen.

ThePresidentappointsthePrimeMinister,notnecessarilytheheadofthePartyinpower.

ThePrimeMinisterorganizestheCabinet

TheCabinetisorganizedby16MinistersoftheStateassignedbythePrimeMinister

Thelegislationisinterpretedbyahierarchyofcourts（法院的特权阶级）

Anunarmedpoliceforce（GuardiansofthePeace）enforcesthelaw

Thepresident

Iselectedbydirectvoteofthepeople.Everycitizenof35yearsofageoroveriseligibletorunforpresident

Thetermofofficeissevenyears.APresidentcanbere-electedonceonly

ThePresidentactsassymbolicHeadofStateanddoesnothave

executivefunctions.HoweverthePresidenthascertainpowertoguardtheConstitutionandthepowertoexercise.e.g.hemayreferanylegislationproposedbyparliamenttotheSupremeCourtforadecisionwhetheritdoesworkornotaccordingtotheConstitution;anotherpoweristoexercisehisorherabsolutediscretion（处理权限）,forexample,torefusetodissolvetheparliamentontheadviceofPrimeMinisterwholoosesthesupportoftheparliament.

TheGovernment

Consistedof7-15members,allmustbeelectedmembersoftheIrishParliament

ThePrimeMinisterisappointedbythePresidentonthenominationoftheParliamentandmustresignifheceasestoretainthesupportofamajorityintheParliament

ThePrimeMinisternominatesonememberofthegovernmenttobetheDeputyPrimeMinister;assignsMinistersoftheStatewhoorganizestheCabinet,eachMinisterisresponsibleforoneDepartmentgenerally.Governmentministers（副部长、部长助理）arenotmembersoftheGovernmentwhoassistedbyMinistersofStateintheirwork;appointsanAttorneyGeneral（检察长、首席检察官）whoactsaslegaladvisertotheGovernmentandmayattendCabinetmeetings.

Parliament

MakinglawfortheState,butthepoweroftheParliamentisreallysecondarytothatoftheGovernmentcabinetandtotheworkofthevariousparliamentcommittees

TheHouseofDail（Commons众议院）has166membersrepresentingtheregionwhichelectedthem

TheHouseofSenate（Lords参议院）has60members,theyarenotdirectlyelected.11membersarenominatedbythePrimeMinister;43membersareelectedfromfivepanelsofcandidatesunderdifferentheadings,suchasthatinagriculture;theremaining6membersareelectedfromtwouniversities______threefromtheNationalUni.ofIreland,theotherthreefromUni.ofDublin.

Independence

Irelandisasmallisland,originallywasunderonejurisdiction.Nowtheislandincludestwojurisdictions,oneistheNorthernIrelandwhichisaprovinceofGreatBritain,theotherisanindependentnation,theRepublicofIreland

TheearlierIrelandhaditsownparliamentbeforethecontrollingoftheGreatBritainintheearlyseventeenthcentury.Later,itbecameBritain’scolonyfornearly300years.

1）anewdivision----Intheearlyseventeenthcentury,theroleofreligionbecameanewdivisioninIrelandtogetherwiththecomingofProtestantsfromBritain.Thedivisionwasmoreclearandbecamestrongerandstronger.Fromthisperiodon,sectarianconflictbecamearepeatedthemeinIrishhistory.

2）CatholicsandIrishparliament----BytheendoftheseventeenthcenturyallCatholics,representingsome85%ofIreland'spopulationthen,werebannedfromtheIrishparliament.Politicalpowerrestedentirelyinthehandsofcolonists-Anglosettlers.In1801,theIrishParliamentwasabolishedandIrelandbecameanintegralpartofanewUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.CatholicswerestillbannedfromthenewparliamentuntilCatholicEmancipationwasattainedin1829,theprincipalconditionofwhichwastheremovalofthepoorerandIrishfreeholdersfromthefranchise（公民选举）,thereforetheparliamentwasmoreradical.

3）Ireland----In1919,aftertheIrishWarofIndependenceandtheAnglo-IrishTreaty,thelargerpartofIrelandsecededfromtheUnitedKingdom（UK）tobecometheindependentIrishFreeState—andafter1948declaredarepublic,Ireland.

4）NorthernIreland----Thesixnortheasterncounties,remainedwithintheUnitedKingdom,whichorganizedaprovinceofUK

TheIrishCivilWarofNortherIreland----ThehistoryofNorthernIrelandhassincebeendominatedbysporadicsectarianconflictsbetween（mainlyCatholic）Nationalistsand（mainlyProtestant）Unionists.ThisconflictseruptedintotheTroublesinthelate1960s

Chronology

PrehistoricandEarlyIreland（before400AD）

EarlyChristianIreland:

（400–800）thewholeislandwasChristian

中古及史前

Earlymedievalera:

（800–1168）VikinginvadedIreland

NormanIreland:

（1169–1536）NormaninvadedIreland（infact,started10th.cent.）

Earlymodernera:

（1536–1691）theentireislandwascontrolledbyastrongEnglishcentralgovernment

诺曼统治

700年

ProtestantAscendancy:

（1691–1801）theEnglishimposedtheirownbrandofChristianity,Protestantismontheisland

UnionwithBritain（1801–1922）不列颠统治时期

Republic（1919–present）

NorthernIreland（1921–present）

Irelandeducation

First-levelSchools:

Thevastmajorityofchildrenreceivetheirprimaryeducationinstate-aidedschools.Theschoolsarerunbyitsownboardofmanagement（董事会）,includingtherepresentativesofparents,teachersandlocalclergy,butreceivesmostofitsfundingfromtheState.

ThepresentcurriculumareMathematics,English,Irish,French,History,Geography,Art,Music,Crafts,SocialandEnvironmentalStudiesandPhysicalEducation.Studentsbearaheavyburden.

Second-levelSchools:

Forstudentsfrom12yearsupwards,Mostsecondaryschoolsareprivatelyownedbyreligiouscommunities,butlargelyfundedbytheState,therefore,aresectarian;asmallnumberofsecondaryschoolsstate-ownedarecomprehensiveandcommunity（社区文法/综合学校）。

Second-leveleducationistwophases:

threeyearsforthejunior,twoyearsforthesenior.StudentspassaseriesofexamsandgettheJuniorCertificate;iftheystayandtakeatwo-yearcourse,thentakethestateexamssetbytheDepartmentofEducationanduniformforallstudents,theygettheLeavingCertificatewhichisthequalificationforadmissiontothehighereducation.Betweenthejuniorandseniorcycle,thereisayearfortransition,studentscanchoosefrommanyschools,wheretheymaytakenon-examinationsubjects.

Theothersortofthesecondaryschoolsarevocational,ownedandoperatedbytheStatethroughlocalVocationalEducationCommittees.

Third-levelEducation/HigherEducation

FouruniversitiesaremainintheStateaswellasotherspecialiseinparticularlyareassuchaslaw,medicine,art,music,andteachertraining:

TheUniversityofDublin------includesaTrinityCollege（专科、职业学院）TheuniversitywasfortheeducationofProtestantsthirtyyearsago;

TheNationalUniversityofIreland------includesUniversityCollegeDublin,UniversityCollegeCork,UniversityCollegeGalwayandUniversityCollegeMaynoothlargelyfortheeducationofCatholics,butnowsomenewuniversitiesgetridofsectarianhistory.

TheRegionalTechnicalColleges

TheDublinInstituteofTechnology（collegesandinstitutearenotmeantthetrinitycollegeasthatinourcountry）

ThetwoUniversitiesaboveverymuchemphasizetheappliedscienceandtechnologicaleducation.

Irishthird-levelinstitutionsarenowactivelyrecruitingworldstudents,esp.theAsianstudents,theyvaluetheirdisciplinedandcommittedattitudetotheirstudies,butstillthereisagapbetween.

Irishculture

1）Propertywashistoricallyamarkofstatus.TheIrishareverydeterminedtoowntheirownhouses,buttherisingdemandalsomeansrisinghouseprices,ayoungcouplewouldneedtwogoodincomestoaffordahouse

2）Forgenerations,afamilymayliveonthisfarmforahundred,twohundredyears,tilldiedinthisplaceinthesamehouse.Thefatherwillungedhiseldestsontogetauniversityeducation,andnevertocomebacktothefamilyfarmexcepttovisit;ayoungerbrotherorsisterwouldrunthefarmasas