国际企业管理文化战略与行为 期末重点复习Word下载.docx

国际企业管理文化战略与行为 期末重点复习Word下载.docx

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1.Individualism:

thepoliticalphilosophythatpeopleshouldbefreetopursueeconomicandpoliticalendeavorswithoutconstraint.

2.Collectivism:

thepoliticalphilosophythatviewstheneedsorgoalsofsocietyasawholeasmoreimportantthanindividualdesires.

3.Socialism:

amoderateformofcollectivisminwhichthereisgovernmentownershipofinstitutions,andprofitisnottheultimategoal.

Legalandregulatoryenvironment

Therearethreefoundationsonwhichlawsarebasedaroundtheworld.Brieflysummarized,theseare:

1.Islamiclaw:

lawthatisderivedfrominterpretationoftheQur’anandtheteachingsoftheProphetMuhammadandisfoundinmostIslamiccountries.

2.Commonlaw:

lawthatderivesfromEnglishlawandisthefoundationsoflegislationintheUnitedStates,Canada,andEngland,amongothernations.

3.Civilorcodelaw:

lawthatisderivedfromRomanlawandisfoundinthenon-Islamicandnonsocialistcountries.ThelawChinausediscivilorcodelaw.

Basicprinciplesofinternationallaw:

1.Sovereigntyandsovereignimmunity:

principleofsovereignty:

aninternationalprincipleoflawwhichholdsthatgovernmentshavetherighttorulethemselvesastheyseefit.

2.Internationaljurisdiction:

whichincludesnationalityprinciple,territorialityprinciple,protectiveprinciple.

Nationalityprinciple:

ajurisdictionalprincipleofinternationallawwhichholdsthateverycountryhasjurisdictionoveritscitizensnomatterwheretheyarelocated.

Territorialityprinciple:

aprinciplewhichholdsthateverynationhastherightofjurisdictionwithinitslegalterritory.

Protectiveprinciple:

ajurisdictionalprincipleoflawwhichholdsthateverycountryhasjurisdictionoverbehaviorthatadverselyaffectsitsnationalsecurity,eveniftheconductoccurredoutsidethatcountry.

3.Doctrineofcomity:

ajurisdictionalprincipleoflawwhichholdsthattheremustbemutualrespectforthelaws,institutions,andgovernmentsofothercountriesinthematterofjurisdictionovertheirowncitizens.

4.Actofstatedoctrine:

aprinciplewhichholdsthatallactsofothergovernmentsareconsideredtobevalidbyU.S.counts,evenifsuchactsareillegalorinappropriateunderU.S.law.

5.Treatmentandrightsofaliens:

countrieshavethelegalrighttorefuseadmissionofforeigncitizensandtoimposespecialrestrictionsontheirconduct,theirrightoftravel,wheretheycanstay,andwhatbusinesstheymayconduct.

6.Forumforhearingandsettlingdisputes:

thisisaprincipleofU.S.asitappliestinternationallaw.U.S.courtscandismisscasesbroughtbeforethembyforeigners.

Examplesoflegalandregulatoryissues:

1.Financialservicesregulation.

2.Foreigncorruptpracticesact（FCPA）:

anactthatmakesitillegaltoinfluenceforeignofficialsthroughpersonalpaymentorpoliticalcontributions.

3.Bureaucratization

Chapter4

Culture:

acquiredknowledgethatpeopleusetointerpretexperienceandgeneratesocialbehavior.Thisknowledgeformsvalues,createsattitudes,andinfluencesbehavior.

Characteristicsofculture:

1.Learned.Cultureisnotinheritedorbiologicallybased;

itisacquiredbylearningandexperience.

2.Shared:

peopleasmembersofqgroup,organization,orsocietyshareculture;

itisnotspecifictosingleindividuals.

3.Transgenerational:

cultureiscumulative,passeddownfromonegenerationtothenext.

4.Symbolic:

cultureisbasedonthehumancapacitytosymbolizeoruseonethingtorepresentanother.

5.Patterned:

culturehasstructureandisintegrated;

achangeinonepartwillbringchangesinanother.

6.Adaptive:

Cultureisbasedonthehumancapacitytochangeoradapt,asopposedtothemoregeneticallydrivenadaptiveprocessofanimals.

Culturaldiversity

Inoverallterms,theculturalimpactoninternationalmanagementisreflectedbybasicbeliefsandbehaviors.Herearesomespecificexampleswherethecultureofasocietycandirectlyaffectmanagementapproaches:

1.Centralizedvs.decentralized

2.Safetyvs.risk

3.Individualvs.group

4.Informalvs.formal

5.Highvs.loworganizationalloyalty

6.Cooperationvs.competition

7.Stabilityvs.innovation

Themodelofculture:

Therearethreelayersofculture:

1.Theimplicit,basic,assumptionsthatguidepeople’sbehavior;

2.Thenormsandvaluesthatguidethesociety;

3.Theexplicitartifactsandproductsofthesociety.

Valuesinculture

Values:

basicconvictionsthatpeoplehaveregardingwhatisrightandwrong,goodandbad,importantandunimportant.

Hofstede’sculturaldimensions:

1.Powerdistance:

theextenttowhichlesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.

Lower-power-distance:

generallybedecentralizedandhaveflatterorganizationstructure;

High-power-distance:

havealargeproportionofsupervisorypersonnel,centralizedandhaveathinnerstructure.

2.Uncertaintyavoidance:

theextenttowhichpeoplefeelthreatenedbyambiguoussituationsandhavecreatedbeliefsandinstitutionthattrytoavoidthese.

High-uncertainty-avoidance:

haveagreatdealofstructuringoforganizationalactivities,morewrittenrules,lessrisktakingbymanagers,lowerlaborturnover,andlessambitiousemployees.

Low-uncertainty-avoidance:

lessstructuringofactivities,fewerwrittenrules,morerisktakingbymanagers,higherlaborturnover,andambitiousemployees.

3.Individualism;

thetendencyofpeopletolookafterthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilyonly.

Hofstedefoundthatwealthycountrieshavehigherindividualismscoresandpoorercountriesandregionshighercollectivism.

4.Masculinity:

aculturalcharacteristicinwhichthedominantvaluesinsocietyaresuccess,money,andthings.

Femininity:

aculturalcharacteristicinwhichthedominantvaluesinsocietyarecaringforothersandthequalityoflife.

5.Timeorientation:

presentvs.future

6.Indulgencerestraint

Trompenaar’sculturaldimensions

1.universalismvs.particularism

universalism:

thebeliefthatideasandpracticescanbeappliedeverywhereintheworldwithoutmodification.

Particularism:

thebeliefthatcircumstancedictatehowideasandpracticesshouldbeappliedandthatsomethingcannotbedonethesameeverywhere.

2.Individualismvs.communitarianism

Communitarianism:

referstopeopleregardingthemselvesaspartofagroup.

3.Neutralvs.emotional:

Neutralculture:

culturewhichemotionsareheldincheck.

Emotionalculture:

cultureinwhichemotionsareexpressedopenlyandnaturally.

4.Specificvs.diffuse:

Specificculture:

culturewhichindividualshavealargepublicspacetheyreadilysharewithothersandasmallprivatespacetheyguardcloselyandsharewithonlyclosefriendsandassociates.

Diffuseculture:

culturewhichpublicspaceandprivatespacearesimilarinsizeandindividualsguardtheirpublicspacecarefully,becauseentryintopublicspaceaffordsentryintoprivatespaceaswell.

5.Achievementvs.ascription:

Achievementculture;

culturewhichpeopleareaccordedstatusbasedonhowwelltheyperformtheirfunctions.

Ascriptionculture:

culturewhichstatusisattributedbasedonwhoorwhatapersonis.

6.Time:

presentvs.future.

7.Theenvironment:

inner-directedenvironmentvs.outer-directedenvironment.

8.Culturalpatternsorclusters.

Globe’sculturaldimensions:

1.Uncertaintyavoidance

2.Powerdistance

3.Societalcollectivism

4.In-groupcollectivism

5.Genderegalitarianism

6.Assertiveness

7.Futureorientation

8.Performanceorientation

9.Humanorientation

Chapter6

Organizationalculture:

sharedvaluesandbeliefsthatenablememberstounderstandtheirsolesinandthenormsoftheorganization.

Characteristic:

1.Observedbehavioralregularities

2.Norms

3.Dominantvalues

4.Philosophy

5.Rules

6.Organizationalclimate

Dimensionsofcorporateculture:

1.Motivation:

activitiesvs.outputs

2.Relationship:

jobvs.person

3.Identity:

corporatevs.professional

4.Communication:

openvs.closed

5.Control:

tightvs.loose

6.Conduct:

conventionalvs.pragmatic

Fourstepsthatareusedintheprocessofmergersoracquisition:

1.Thetwogroupshavetoestablishthepurpose,goal,andfocusontheirmerger;

2.Developmechanismtoidentifythemostimportantorganizationalstructureandmanagementroles;

3.Determinewhohastheauthorityovertheresourcesneedforgettingthingsdone.

4.Identifytheexpectationsofallinvolvedpartiesandfacilitatecommunicationbetweenbothdepartments.

ThreeaspectsoforganizationalfunctioningthatseemtobeespeciallyimportantindeterminingMNCorganizationalculture:

1.Thegeneralrelationshipbetweentheemployeesandtheirorganization;

2.Thehierarchicalsystemofauthoritythatdefinestherolesofmanagerandsubordinates;

3.ThegeneralviewsthatemployeesholdabouttheMNC’Spurpose,destiny,goals,andtheirplaceinthem.

Fourtypesoforganizationalculture:

1.Familyculture:

culturethatischaracterizedbyastrongemphasisonhierarchyandorientationtotheperson;

2.EiffelTowerculture:

culturethatischaracterizedbystrongemphasisonhierarchyandorientationtothetask;

3.Guidedmissileculture:

culturethatischaracterizedbystrongemphasisonqualityintheworkplaceandorientationtothetask;

4.Incubatorculture:

cu