格式要求4外文文献翻译封面及内容要求.docx

格式要求4外文文献翻译封面及内容要求.docx

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格式要求4外文文献翻译封面及内容要求

格式要求4-外文文献翻译封面及内容要求

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

院系：

商学系

年级专业：

08国际商务

姓名：

石华聪

学号：

0801022145

附件：

TheDevelopmentofTransportationand

LogisticsinAsia:

AnOverview

指导老师评语：

指导教师签名：

年月日

Westerncountriestolow-costAsiandevelopingcountries,Asianeconomieshavebeengrowingrapidlyandhavebecometheworldfactoryoffinishedgoods.Asia'stradehassoaredoverthepasttwodecades,withthePeople'sRepublicofChina（PRC）inparticularrecordingexplosivegrowth.ThePRC'sexportsgrewatanaverageofmorethan18percentperyearbetween1990and2007,whiletheothereightemergingeconomiesamongAsia'stop-10exportersrecordedexportgrowthofmorethan10percentayear（BrooksandStone2010）.Abusinessmodelthatisintegratedandglobal,usesdirectdistribution,andemphasizesshippinghigh-valueproductsfromAsianfactoriesdirectlytoworldwidemarketshasbeendevelopedbymultinationalfirms.Thisintegratedmodelreplacesthetraditionalmultiechelon,pushbasedintemationaldistributionmodel;italsohelpstoreduceredundantinventoriesalongtheglobalsupplychainandspeedsuptimetomarket（Su2007）.Duetoallthesechanges,Asianowaccountsforaboutone-fourthofworldtradeandworldgrossdomesticproduct（GDP）,respectively（WorldBank2006）.

Withabout4.1billionpeoplein2009（PRB2009）,Asiaisthemost

populousregionintheworld,accountingfor60percentofpopulation

andrepresentingenormousmarketopportunitiesformultinationalfirms.Therearearound20cross-regionalfreetradeagreements（FTAs）atdifferentstagesofimplementationthere.TheconsolidationofFTAsimproveseconomicwelfarecomparedtothecurrentbilateralism.AbroadPan-Asianagreement（coveringgoods,services,andtradecosts）involvingEastAsianandSouthAsianeconomiesisestimatedtooffersignificantimprovementtothegeneralwelfarethroughgainstoglobalincomeofaround$261billion（François,Rana,andWignaraja2009）.AllEastandAsianandSouthAsianmembersofsuchanagreementwouldbenefitfromclosersubregionalcooperation.Fortrade-relatedinfrastructvire,thedominantmodeforfreighttransportbetweenEastAsiaandSouthAsiaremainsoceantransport.Thissituationisexpectedtocontinueintheforeseeablefuture.Theeffectivenessofoceantransportandothertrade-relatedinfrastructuretorespondtogrowingEastAsia-SouthAsiatradedependsonregionalabilitytomaintainhigh-qualityandefficientlogisticsservicesatacompetitivecost.Theneedforseatransporthasbeenamplified,especiallyfortime-sensitivegoods,duetoimprovementsintechnologyforcontainerizationandairfreight.AircargovolumehasgrownrapidlyandaircargoinvolvingAsiancountries,particularlywithinAsia,hasmuchhighergrowththanintheworldasawhole.EffectivelogisticsserviceandintermodalshippinghaveenabledAsiatotradewithmoremarkets,morequickly,andoftenatlowercost（BrooksandHummels2009）.However,inspiteoftheirrichopportunities,Asiancountrieshaveyettoovercomechallengesassociatedwithfulfillingtheirpotential.TheavailabilityofinfrastructiureandofothertradefacilitationserviceshasfallenbehindthepaceofAsia'seconomicgrowth.TheunderdevelopmentoftransportandlogisticsinfrastructureandlackoflogisticsinfrastructureconnectivityamongAsiancountrieshavebeenmajorbarrierstofurthertradeandeconomicdevelopmentthere（Armstrong,Drysdale,andKalirajan2008;BhattacharyayandDe2009;BrooksandStone2010）.

TheEmergingFeaturesofTradeinAsia

TradevolumewithinAsiahasbeenrisingrapidlysincetheearly1980s.In2006Asiacontributedone-fourthofworldtradeingoods,secondinproductionafterEurope（seetable1）.Asshownintable2,about50percentofAsia'sexportedgoodsaremovedwithintheregion,whichwaslowerthanpercentageofintraregiontradeinEuropeandNorthAmerica,mostlikelyduetolackofwell-establishedFTAsinAsia.Inparalleltogrovñngintraregionaltrade,Asia'sinterregionaltradehasalsogrownovertime.NorthAmerica（21.6percent）andEurope（18.4percent）havebecomethetwolargestnon-AsiandestinationsofAsia'sexports（seetable2）.ThegrowthoftradeonthepartofthePRCtradeisparticularlynotable.Withaworldshareofabout9percentin2009（Batson2010）,thePRCisdrivingAsia'sexportsintraregionallyandinterregionally.India'sriseinthelate1990shasfurtherfueledAsia'strade.

ServingthegrowinginternationaldemandforgoodsandservicesafterWorldWarII,Asianeconomieshavetransformedfromindustrialproductionthatislaborintensivetoproductionthatiscapitalintensiveandtechnologydriven.Thechangeshavebeenreflectedintheproductsharesofexports.Forexample,integratedcircuitsaccountforthehighestshare（78.33percent）inintra-Asiamanufacturingexports,whereasthepersonalandhouseholdgoodsaccountforthelowestshare（20.42percent）.

Intra-Asiaexportsofagriculturalandminingproductsareevenlowercomparedtotheirexportstotheworld（BhattacharyayandDe2009）.ThenatureofAsia'stradeischangingandbecomingmoreefficientduetoitsrecentrapidgrowth.Higher-value,oftenlightergoodsandtradeserviceshavegraduallyreplacedbulkycommodities,resultingindecliningweight-to-valueratios.Inparticular,theinformationandcommunicationtechnology（ICT）revolutionhasgeneratedincreasedtradeinICTproductsandoutsourcedservices,andtheapplicationofinformationtechnologyinmanypublicandprivatesupplychaincollaborations,aswellasgreatermigrationofhighlyskilledprofessionalswithinandacrosstheregions（Hummels2009）.Thischangehashadamajorimpactonthedistanceanddestinationoftradeflows,thelocationsandfragmentationofproductionprocesses,thechoiceoftransportmode,logisticsfacilitiesdecisions,theharmonizationandstandardizationofcustomsclassificationsandinspections,andthedemandforsupportinginfrastruct\ire.Pan-Asianconnectivityandotherfacilitationeffortswould,therefore,playimportantrolesinsustainingAsia'stradegrowth.Theconnecti\dtyforgoodsflowingwithinAsiaorbetweenAsiaandotherregionsmustbegraduallyenhancedtoensurereliable,better,andfastermovementofcargo.

AsiaTransportandLogisticsDevelopment

Recentstudieshaveshownthatglobalizationhasresultedinincreasedinternationalexchangesofproductsandservices,andtheidentificationandestablishmentofAsia-widecross-bordertransportationnetworkconnectivityshouldnowbeamajorgoal（seeBrooks2008a,2008b;Hummels2009）.AnothersetofstudiesinAsiashowthatcountrieswithgeographicalproximitycouldbenefitsubstantiallyfrommoretrade,providedinfrastructureandtradecostsareimproved（seeBrooks2008b;De2008a,2008b;BrooksandHummels2009）.ThesestudiesaUcallforeffectiveandintegratedtransportandlogisticsnetworksforenhancingmovementofgoodsandservices;Asiahasbeennotoriousforfragmentedproductionandeconomicnetworksacrossborders.TheongoingglobalfinancialproblemsmakeitevenmorecriticalforAsiancountriestointegratetransportandlogisticsnetworkstofacilitatethegrowthofregionaldemands.

Asianowfacesanewworldeconomythatisverydifferentfromtheonethatprevailedbeforethe1990s.Intoda/sworld,fallingcommunicationandtransportcosts—coupledwithtechnologicaldevelopment—havereshapedthecomparativeadvantagesofeconomies（Krugman1991,1993）.However,thecurrentleadingpositionofAsiantrademaybereplacedifatruePan-Asianconnectivityofitslogisticsinfrastructuresisstillmissing.WhatAsianeedsnowistoreestablishamodern"SilkRoad."TheancienttraderoutethatstretchedfromAsiatoEuropewas,untuthe13thcentury,amongtheworld'smostimportantcross-borderarteries.AstradeisonceagaingrowingbetweenAsiaandtherestoftheworld,amodernSilkRoadmustbebuiltforsustainableeconomicdevelopmentinAsia（BhattacharyayandDe2009）.EffortstodevelopanAsia-widetransportnetworkhavebeenattemptedsincethe1960s.However,littleprogresswasachieveduntilthe1980s（UNESCAP2006）.Duringthe1980sandearly1990s,significantpoliticalandeconomicchangesinthisregionultimatelyfacilitatedthetradeandmobilityoffactorsofproductioninAsia.Subsequently,duringthe1990s,anincreaseinthedemandforphysicalconnectivitytosupportanexport-orientedgrowthstrategyandtosupportafragmentedproductionnetworkcontributedtosuccessfulimplementationofsometransportcorridorsintheGreaterMekongSubregionandelsewhereinAsia.Thisinfrastructuredevelopmentsuggeststheimportantroleofphysicalconnectivityinregionalcooperation.Nevertheless,theprogresstowardfullregionalconnectivityinAsiastilllagsfarbehindneed（BhattacharyayandDe2009）.Manypolitical,economic,technical,andsocialfactorshavecontributedtotheslowprogressofatransportnetworkthroughoutAsia.TechnicalfactorsthathinderAsiantransportintegrationincludelackofeffectiveoverlandofficialtradeoutletsandassociatedfacilities（e.g.,India-BangladeshandPRC-LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic）,lackofintegratedrailwaynetworks（e.g.,Myanmar-IndiaandPRC-Vietnam）,lackoftransittrade（inthewholeofAsiawithsomeexceptions）,lackoftradefacilitationmechanisms（softinfrastructure）,andlackofpolicymeasures（especiallyintheinteriorpartofAsia）（BhattacharyayandDe2009）.

In1992,theUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific（UNESCAP）initiatedtheAsianLandTransportInfrastructureDevelopment（ALTID）project,whichaimstoexpandtransportandcommunicationlinkageswit