英美文学考研复习笔记.docx

英美文学考研复习笔记.docx

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英美文学考研复习笔记

英美文学复习笔记整理

英国部分

TheRenaissancePeriod

1.Renaissance:

between14thandmid-17thcentury.

2.Renaissancemeansrebirthorrevival,isactuallyamovement

stimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscovery

ofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeography

andastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.

3.theRenaissance,thereforeinessenceisahistoricalperiodin

whichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandScholarsmadeattemptto

getridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinMedievalEurope,to

introducenewideasthatexpressedthepurityoftherising

bourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthe

corruptionoftheRomanCatholicchurch.

4.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance

（1）Capableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionof

perfection.

（2）Theyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebytoquestion,explore

andenjoy.

（3）ByemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingandtheImportanceof

thepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonly

havetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife

（4）TomasMore,ChristopherMarlowandWilliamShakespearearethe

bestrepresentativeoftheEnglishhumanist.

5Metaphysicalpoetry:

Metaphysicalischaracterizedbypassionate

thoughtsuccessionofconcentratedimage,exerciseofelaborate

ingenuityand“wit”,JohnDonewasthefamousoftheMetaphysical

poet.TheMetaphysicalPoetsweremenoflearningandtoshowtheir

learningwastheirendeavour.

EdmundSpencer

Masterpiece:

TheFaerieQueene（allegory）

ChristopherMarlowe

Universitywits

Importantplays:

Tambulaine,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMetaEdmundII

MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceof

infinitepowersandauthority

（1）Perfectedtheblankverse.

（2）CreationoftheRenaissanceherotoEnglishdrama,itembodies

Marlowe’sidealofhumandignityandcapacity.

Dr.Faustus:

aspiringforknowledge,theplay’sdominantmoralis

humanratherthanreligious,itcelebratesthehumanpassionfor

knowledge,powerandhappiness,italsorevealsman’sfrustration

inrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorderandthe

confinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.

WilliamShakespeare

1.Works:

154sonnets,38plays,2longpoems

Comedy:

MerchantofVenice.

24greattragedies:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth

Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacetheinjusticeofhumanfate

iscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation,eachhero

hashisweaknessofnature.Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,

facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind:

Othello’sinnerweakness

ismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldKingLearwhois

unwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsuffer,from

treacheryandinfidelity;Macbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphis

ambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrime.

3MerchantofVenice

Inthisplay,Shakespearehascreatedtension:

ambiguity,aself

consciousandself-delightingartificethatisatonce

intellectuallyexistingandemotionallyengaging.The

sophisticationderivesinpartfromtheplaybetweenhigh,

outstandingromanceanddarkfacesofnegatingandhatethe

traditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetween

AntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreat

beauty,witandloyalty,andtoexploreinsuitablegreedand

brutalityoftheJew.

4Hamlet.

Theplayhasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrilleranda

philosophicalexplorationoflifeoflifeanddeath,thetimeless

appealofhismightydramaliesinitscombinationofinjustice,

emotionalconflictandsearchingphilosophicmelancholy.Hamletis

obligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfact

andfiction,languageandaction.Hislifeisoneoftheconstant

role-playingexaminingthenatureofactingonlytodenyits

possibility.Forsuchafigure,soliloquyisanaturalmedium,a

necessaryreleaseofhisanguish;andsomeofhisquestioning

monologuepossessurpassingpowerandinsight.Byrevealingthe

power-seeking,thejostlingforplace,thehiddenmotives,the

courteoussuperficialitiesthatveillustandguilty,Shakespeare

condemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralreligious

corruptingattheroyalcount.

FrancisBacon

1Masterpiece:

Essay;NovumOrganum.

2NovumOrganum:

mostimpressivedisplayofBeacon’sintellect.The

argumentisfortheuseofinductivenessofreasoninscientific

study.

3Beaconsuggeststheinductivereasoning,i.e,proceedingfromthe

particulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,

thedeductivereasoning,i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltothe

particular.

4Beacon’sessayarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessand

powerfulness.

JohnDone

Metaphysicalpoetry

ThemoststrikingfeatureofDone’spoetryispreciselyitstangof

reality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealrather

thanapoeticalworld..

Donefrequentlyappliesconceits.

JohnMilton

Threemajorpoeticalworks:

Paradiselost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonists

ThefreedomofthewillisthekeytoneofMilton.screed.

ParadiseLost

TheepicisthemasterpieceofJohnMilton

ThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtells

howSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,tempsAdam

andEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausesthe

FallofMan.

Satan,intheimageofarebel,stilldeterminestofightback

againstGodwhenheandhisfollowersarecastintotheHell.The

featuresofthecharacterincludehisboldness,unbendingambition

andhisunconquerablewill.Thepoem,asinotherwriting,isfull

ofbiblicalandclassicalallusion,andisinaLatinizedstylewith

onesentencerunningperhapsacrossseverallines.But,themajesty

ofexpressionsuitswellthesublimityofthepoet’sthought.

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TheNeoclassicPeriod

1BetweenthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660

andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththe

publicationoflyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798

1.EnlightenmentortheAgeofreason

TheEnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement

whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholewesternEuropeatthe

time

Itsproposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightof

modernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenmenters

celebratedreasonorrationally,equalityandscience.Theycalled

forareferencetoorder,reasonandrule,yieldplaceto“eternal

truth”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”

Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualisticand

imperfectliteratureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing.

Theybelievedinself-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork.To

work,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewealthconstitutethewhole

meaningoftheirlife.Thisaspectofsociallifeisbest-formedin

therealisticnovelsofthe18thcentury.

3Inthefieldofliterature,theybelievedthattheartistic

shouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.seek

proportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpression,inan

efforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings..

4Neoclassicism.InEnglishliteratureand,thestylistictrend

betweentheRestorationandtheadventofromanticismatthe

beginningofthe19thcenturyisreferredtoasNeoclassicism.

5Heroic:

Itisapairofrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.The

formwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucerandwidelyused

subsequently.

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JohnBunyan

1.Masterpiece:

Thepilgrim’sprogress

2.The“vanityfair”symbolizeshumanword,forallthatcomth

isvanityEverythingandanythinginthisworldisvanity,havingno

valueandnomeaning.Thevanityfair,a“marketselling

nothingness”ofallsorts,isadirtyplaceoriginallybuiltupby

details,but,thistown“lay”inthewaytotheCelestialCity,

meaningpilgrimshadtoresistthetemptationstherewhentheymade

theirwaythrough.So,thedepictionofthe“Fair”insellingthings

worldlyandinattractingpeoplebad,representsJohnBunyan’s

rejectionoftheworldlyseekingsandpiouslongingforthepureand

charming“Celestialcity”,hisChristianideal.

AlexanderPope

Pope,averysensitiveman,wouldstrikebackhard,andinthe

constantverbalbattleshedevelopedastyleofbitingsatire.

HewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,butwas

notentirelyblindtotherapidmoral,politicalandcultural

deterioration.

Forhimthesupremevalueswasorder-cosmicorder,politicalorder,

socialorder,aestheticorder,andthisemphasisanorderexpression

inallofhisworks.Popemadehisnameasagreatpoetwiththe

publicationofanEssayonCriticismin1711.

PopestronglyadvocatedNeoclassicism,emphasizingthatliterary

worksshouldbejudgedbyclassicalruleoforder,reason,logic,

restrainedemotion,goodtasteanddecorum.

DanielDefoe

Masterpiece:

RobinsonCrusoe

Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostvernacular.