if条件句中doc 虚拟语气.docx
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if条件句中doc虚拟语气
if条件句中
if引导的条件句中,如果所说的与事实相反,则要用虚拟语气。
其具体的规则如下:
主句 从句
与现在事实相反 would/should/could+动词原形 一般过去时
与过去事实相反 would/should/couldhavedone 过去完成时
与将来事实相反 would/should/could+动词原形Should+动词原形/一般过去时/wereto+动词原形
注意:
虚拟语气中的be动词,一般用were,少用was
(1)与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(be用were,少用was),主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+do
Iftheweatherwerefine,theywouldgoforaswim.(Infactitisrainy,sotheywon’tgoforaswim,)如果天气好,他们就去游泳了。
Ifwehadtimenow,weshouldreaditagain.(Infactnowwehavenotimetoreaditagain.)要是现在有空,我们就把它再看一遍。
IfJohnhadhisway[为所欲为],hewouldspendallofhistimeplayingtennis.=Johnwantstoplaytennisoften如果让约翰由着性子来,他会把所有的时间都用来打网球的
Ifyoudroppedtheglass,itwouldbreak.(Infacttheglasswouldn’tdrop.)
(2)与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词用haddone,主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+havedone
Ifhehadn'tlivedamongtheworkersforsomanyyears,hewouldn'thavebeenabletowritesuchagoodnovel假如他没有和工人一起生活这么多年,他不可能写出这么好的小说
Marycouldhavegottenbettergradesifshehadstudiedmore=Marydidnotgetbettergradesbecauseshedidnotstudy如果玛丽再刻苦一点,她会取得更好的成绩
Theprojectwouldhavebeenapproved[批准;赞成]ifithadn'tbeenforthebudget=Theprojectwasnotapprovedbecausethebudgetwashigh[高的[预算].如果不是预算的原因,这个项目是会被批准
Ifwehadneededtogetintouchwiththem,wecouldhavesentatelegram=Wedidnotsendatelegrambecausewedidnotneedtogetintouchwiththem.如果我们当时需要和他们联系,我们会发电报的
Ifwehadarrivedontime,wewouldhavegottengoodseats=Wedidnotgetgoodseatsbecausewewerelate如果他主动向她提出邀请,她是会和他一起去的
Wewouldhavebeenheresoonerifwehadn'tgottenlost=Wewerenotheresoonerbecausewegotlost如果我们没有迷路的话,我们会早一点到达有
IshouldhavediedofhungeriftheCommunistPartyhadnotcomein1949=IamalivebecausetheCommunistPartycamein1949.要是一九四九年共产党不来的话,我是会饿死的
(3)与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(should+do或were+todo),主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+do。
Ifsheshouldcome,Iwould/shouldaskherforhelp.
IfIweretogohometomorrow,Icouldhavesomedeliciousdumplings.(InfactIdon’thavetimetogohometoeatdumplingstomorrow.Maybeyourmothertelephonedmethatshewouldcookdumplingstomorrow)
注意:
在if条件句中,还有其它用法
if引导的状语从句可以省略if,而把从句中的动词were,had或should移到主语前面,从句可摆放在主句前或后。
Weresheyounger,shewoulddoit=Shewoulddoitweresheyounger.如果她年青点,她就会干的
Hadheknownheraddress,hewouldhadgonetovisither.=Hewouldhadgonetovisitherhadheknownheraddress.如果他知道她的地址,他会去看她的
Shouldithappen,whatwouldyoudo?
如果真发生这样的事,你怎么办呢?
WereIyou,Iwouldgo.
Shoulditbefine,wewouldgoforanouting.
Hadtheytime,theywouldcertainlycomeandhelpus.
在虚拟语气的主句中,情态动词可用could(能够),might(或许,可能),should替换would.意义有点不同。
Ifhewerehere,hemightagreewithyou.如果他在这儿,他可能同意你。
Ifitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.如果下雨,庄稼很有可能得救。
Ifsheshouldcome,Iwouldaskherforhelp.万一她来的话,我就请她帮忙。
3.有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略,而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
但意义上却仍存在。
(通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词.这是含蓄虚拟。
)
Theoldman’shandsshookconstantly.Otherwisehewouldbestillworking.这位老人的手不停地颤抖,否则他现在仍然在工作。
Ourmonitorwasabsent,orIwouldnothavetakenthechair.我们的班长缺席,否则我是不会主持会议。
Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelpbuthewasverybusy.他会给你更多的帮助的但是他很忙。
Icouldhelpyou.ButIamsobusywithdoingmyhomework.我本来可以帮助你
Shewouldhavecometoseeyou,butshewassobusythatday.
Iwouldhavecomeearlier,butIdidn’tknowyouwerewaiting.
Ithoughtthechildrenwouldbesleepingwhenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.
IfIhadtime. 我要有时间该多好啊
Sheshouldhavecometotheparty.Butunexpectedlyaguestvisitedher.她应该来参加聚会。
Ifhehadmuchmoremoney. 如果他有更多的钱就能...。
4.虚拟语气中,条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致,即混合虚拟。
Iftheyhadstudiedhard,theycoulddoiteasilynow. 如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干的就会容易些。
Ifhehadnottakenmyadvice,hewouldn'tdoitmuchbetterlikethis.如果他不听取我的建议,他就不会干得这样好
IfyouweretomasterEnglish,youshouldhaveworkedhard.
Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(该句前半部分是假设虚拟,而后半部分是事实的陈述。
)
IfIhadtakenyouradvice,Ishouldhavenotroublewiththeworknow.
Itithadrainedlastnight,itwouldbeverycoldtoday.
5.有时虚拟条件不用条件句if而有介词短语表示。
Withoutair,therewouldn’tbelivingthingsintheworld.
Withoutelectricity,nothingcouldbedonenow.
Butforyou,Iwouldbeinhospitalnow.要不是你,我现在还在医院呢。
Withoutwater,therewouldbenolife.没有水就没有生物。
Withyourhelp,wemightfinishtheworkearlier.有你的帮助,我们可能早点做完这工作。
Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.要不是你的帮助,我就会失败。
6.省去了结果主句的虚拟结果(常用以表示愿望),一般在ifonly句型中”要是…就好了”,和Iwish虚拟表示形式一样.
IfonlyIcouldhelpyou.
Ifonlythewindwouldstop.
IfonlyIhadattendedyesterday’slecture.
IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar.
7.Ifitbenotfor…”要不是….”也是一种条件虚拟语气从句。
ifitwerenotfor…与现在事实相反,ifithadnotbeenfor与过去事实相反,两个都相当于butfor
IfitwerenotfortheguidanceofthePartycommittee,weshouldfail.如果不党委的指导,…
Ifithadnotbeenforthehelpofourteacher,weshouldnothavemadesomuchprogress.
Ifitwerenotforthecollectivestrength,itwouldn’thavebeenpossibleforustolivesowell.
Ifithadnotbeenforme,youwouldn’tbefree.要不是我,你就不会自由。
二.用于wish后的宾语从句
wish表示强烈的主观愿望,其后的宾语从句通常用虚拟语气。
表示与现在习惯或事实相反的愿望用"过去时"或"weredoing(持续性动词)"
IwishIwererich.
IwishIwereanattractivegirl.
Iwishthatheweren’tsolazy
表示对未来事件的愿望用"could/woulddo"或"weredoing(瞬间动词)
Iwishhewouldtryagain.
HewishesIwouldhelphim.
IwishIcouldhelphim.
Iwishshewouldbeonmyside.
---“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”---“That’sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown
表示对过去事件的愿望用"过去完成时"或"could/would+havedone"
Iwishyouhadn’ttoldmeallthis.
IwishIhadworkedhardatEnglishinjuniormiddleschool.
Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.
三.虚拟语气用于asif(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同
Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们交谈着,就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起来好像要哭了
注意:
在sothat,inorderthat引导的状语从句中,常用should/would/could/might+动词原形来表示虚拟语气
Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshecouldtakecareofhermother.Hetookataxitothestationsothatsheshouldnotmissthetrain
Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted=Ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.
Shelookedafterhimasifhewereherownchild.
Itlooksasifitmightrain.
ShetalkedaboutBeijingasthoughshehadbeenthere.
四.特殊形式的虚拟语气
虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。
1.用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中,这类动词有:
prefer建议advise建议propose提议,suggest,command命令demand要求require需要request要求ask要求 urge强调,促进,order命令,recommend推荐
Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.(书面体)
Sheinsistedthatshe(should)goalone.
Hesuggestedthatwe(should)putthematchoff.
Hedemandedthatthenewpassagenotberecited.
Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymeans.
Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.
Heorderedthatthestudentswashtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.
Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.
Thedoctorinsistedthatthepatient(should)beX-rayed.
注意:
suggest”暗示,表明”,不用虚拟语气,而要用陈述语气。
Yoursilencesuggestsyouagreewithme.你的沉默表示你同意我的意见。
2.用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that主语从句中
Itissuggested/requested/proposed/required/ordered/demanded/recommended/insistedthat….
Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradiosnotbeplayedafter11o’clockatnight.旅馆管理部门恳求客人晚上11点这后不要开收音机。
Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadythisevening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。
ItisrequestedthatProfessorLi(should)giveusaspeech.
3.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有:
advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望insistence坚持order命令proposal提议 recommendation推荐request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心suggestion劝告、忠告
Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethefirsttogo.Myadviceisthatwe(should)sendforDoctorLi.DOyouknowtheorderthatyou(should)keepwatch?
Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussionbeputoff.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。
Thesuggestionthatthemayorpresent/giveawaytheprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
Itwassuggestedthatmeasuresbetakentominimizethedamage.有人建议采取措施把损失降到最小。
Myproposalisthathebeinchargeofthewholething.我建议由他来负责整件事。
虚拟语气用在Itis+形容词+that的主语从句中
在某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等形容词后的主语从句中,需用虚拟语气。
其表达形式为should+动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形。
这类形容词有:
advisable(合理的)desirable(理想的),essential(必要的)natural(自然的),necessary(必要的)probable(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)pity可惜,憾事 shame遗憾,nowonder,shocked震惊的keen渴望的vital极其重要的
注意:
这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以for…todo…来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。
Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.=Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.It'snecessarythatweshouldhaveawalknow. 我们有必要出去散散步。
It'snaturalthatsheshoulddoso. 她这样做是很自然的。
It'simportantthatweshouldtakegoodcareofthepatient.重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
Itisessentialthattheseapplicationformsbesentbackasearlyaspossible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的
Itisvitalthatenoughmoneybecollectedtofundtheproject.重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。
Itisimportantthatstudents(should)attendallthelectures.所有的学生都应该去听讲座,这是很重要的。
It’sagreatpitythatheshouldbesoconceited.真遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。
5.在incase,forfear(that),lest引导的从句中,谓语用“should+动词原形。
”但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。
Shetookherraincoatwithherinca