城市公共交通存在的问题及对策Word文档下载推荐.docx
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“发展公共交通”与“保持主要道路通畅”是城市交通工作者的两大目标。
但是近年来，随着我国城市公共交通的发展,公共车辆的投放量日益加大，乘车难的矛盾有所缓解，行车难的矛盾却日益突出。
特别是大巴列车化、中小巴频繁靠停，形成动态瓶颈，严重影响了主要道路的交通秩序。
二,解决城市公共交通问题的途径
城市公共交通对居民的生活有着很大影响公共交通必须以方便居民出行为目的，并兼顾公交企业效益。
因此，针对目前城市公共交通出现的主要问题,采取以下措施：
1，公共交通线路的优化
城市公共交通最终的服务对象是城市出行居民，即公交乘客。
要想建立合理的公交线路，很重要的一点就是对公交乘客的心理、出行行为进行调查研究，以进一步确定公交最优线路模型的优化目标和约束条件。
参考国内外的大量数据，并结合我国城市的特点，在对城市公共交通线网进行优化时，必须考虑以下一些因素：
（1）为更多乘客提供服务；
（2）使全体乘客总出行时间最短，减少换乘次数；
（3）使路线的效率最大;
（4）保证良好的可达性，尤其是要减少公交乘客的步行距离；
（5）扩展公交服务范围，减少公交盲区。
2，采用先进的公交智能调度技术
随着城市居民出行量的增加，城市公共交通越来越不能满足出行需求。
要想使公共交通能够发挥最大的优势,从根本上解决交通出行问题，单单依靠公交线路的优化和增加道路设施远远不够，为此必须同时引进先进的城市公交管理技术，如可以引入先进的城市智能公共交通管理方法。
该系统的研究应该注意以下问题：
建立适合我国公交企业的调度优化系统。
这方面主要研究的是适合我国公交企业的调度优化系统模式、各种新技术,例如车辆自动定位技术等与调度优化系统相结合的可能性、以及基于公交线路流量的线路配车数技术模型。
目前，我国公交企业的总体技术手段落后,新的公交运营调度技术，例如车辆自动定位技术、乘客自动技术等,基本上没有应用。
3，发展大运量快速公共交通体系
大运量快速交通工具速度快、运量大、耗能低、污染少,并且可靠、准时、舒适、安全，但它需要专用道路,处于封闭状态，目前我国城市无论从资金上还是技术上都不可能在短期内建成完善的快速交通体系，因此建立我国城市大运量快速公共交通可考虑按如下三个阶段依次实施，即:
设立公共汽车专用道；
发展公共汽车列车；
开辟轨道交通。
4，建立智能公共交通系统，开展响应需求服务智能公共交通系统是城市的一个重要组成部分，在保持与外部有关部门（如交管）协调衔接的基础上，着眼于改善公交乘客的信息服务；
改善公交公司营运调度与企业管理；
改善公共交通服务的安全性与可靠性，提高其营运效率，降低其营运成本；
建立电子付费系统。
响应需求是一种新型的公交运营模式，其特点是:
无固定运行时刻表、路线及汽车停靠站，乘客享受门到门的运输服务，是一种机动灵活而且效率较高的公交运
营模式
5，财政补偿
对于公共交通企业政策性亏损应予以财政补偿，具体措施如下：
（1）制定《公共交通法》，依法为公共交通发展提供专向资金；
（2）建立专门的公共交通专向资金发放与监管机构及公交企业政策性补偿额的评估体系,对政策性补偿额进行核算、发放、审计与监管，确保公共交通专向资金发挥应有的作用。
UrbanpublictransportproblemsandcountermeasuresFirst,theurbanpublictransportthemainproblems
Withthecity'
seconomicdevelopment,
urbanpopulationalsoincreases,andthen
travelthepopulationalsoincreased
sharply."
Ridehard"
andlackoftransport
facilities,aseriousimpactoneconomic
development,resultinginthemost
fundamentalreasonfortheseproblemsof
urbanpublictransportsystemis
1,lowshareofurbanpublictransport.Atpresent,althoughinsomemajorcitiesintheoptimizationoftheimplementationofaseries
ofpublictransportationpolicy,andbus
transportationvolumeontherise,butthe
proportionofpublictransporttotravelisstill
verylow.Somecitybusesnotonlyfailedto
becomethesubjectofurbanpassengertransport,andtheproportionofpublic
transportalsoshowedadownwardtrend.
/
2,thelowlevelofbusservice.Main
lyas
follows:
slow,inconvenienttotransfercar,theroadisunreasonable,lowdensity,evenblind
spotsinsomeplacesthereispublic
transportation.Sincereformandopening,
China'
slargestcityroadspacehasbeen
gr
eatlyimproved,butstillfarbehindtraffic
growth.
3,poorbusservice.Lowlevelofpublic
transportservicequalityofpassenger
co
mplaintsandoftenbecometheobjectof
mediaexposure,directimpactontheir
commitmenttopassengerratio.Lowlevelof
publictransportservicequalityoften
e
?
ngenderedbybustakestoolong,poor
comfort,safetyaccidents,busattendantsand
poorservice.
4,businfrastructure,lackofunified
planning.Constituteamajorurbanpublic
transitnetworktorelyonpublictransportation
hub,toachievepointtopointconnection.Asa
longtime,China'
surbanpublictransport
infrastructureisweak,thelackofunified
planning,especiallyintheoldurbanrenewal
anddevelopingnewfacilitieswithoutthebus
intotheunifiedplan,tothetransport
operators,management,andresidentstravel
inconvenience.
5,thepublictransportnetworkplanningunreasonable."
Developmentofpublictransport"
and"
keepthemainroadsclear"
isthetwingoalsofurbantransportworkers.Butinrecentyears,asChina'
surbanpublictransportdevelopment,increasingtheamountofpublicvehiclestoincreasedelivery,easedtraveldifficultcontradictions,thecontradictionisdrivinghardtobecomeincreasinglyprominent.Particulartrainofbuses,theminibusstopsbyfrequentlytoformadynamicbottleneck,seriouslyaffectedthemajorroadtrafficorder.
Second,solvetheproblemofurbanpublictransportmeans
Urbanpublictransportonthelivesofthe
residentshaveagreatimpactontheresidents
ofpublictransportmustbetofacilitatethe
purposeoftheact,takingintoaccount
effectivenessofpublictransport
enterprises.Therefore,urbanpublictransport
forthecurrentmajorproblemsarise,takethe
followingmeasures:
1,theoptimizationofpublictransport
routes
Urbanpublictransportultimatelyservethe
residentsofurbantravel,thebus
passengers.Toestablishareasonablebuslines,
itisimportantthatpassengersonthebus
psychology,travelbehaviorresearch,to
furtherdeterminetheoptimalbusroutemodel
optimizationobjectivesandconstraints.Refer
tolargeamountsofdataathomeandabroad,
combinedwiththecharacteristicsofthecity,in
theoptimizationofurbanpublictransit
network,itmustconsiderthefollowingfactors:
⑴toprovideservicestomorepassengers;
（2）
thetotaltraveltimeofthe
passengersminimum,reducetransfertimes;
（3）themaximumefficiencyoftheroute;
（4）toensuregoodaccessibility,particularlytoreducethewalkingdistaneeofbuspassengers;
（5）expansionofbusservicesandreducethe
busblindspot.
2,theuseofadvaneedintelligentscheduling
technologybus
Withtheincreaseintheamountofurban
relysolelyontheoptimizationofbuslinesand
ncreasedroadinfrastructureisnotenough,
thismustbetheintroductionofadvaneed
urbantrafficmanagementtechniques,suchas
tointroduceadvaneedCity
IntelligentPublic
Transportationmanagement.Studyofthe
systemshouldpayattentiontothefollowing
issues:
theestablishmentofappropriate
schedulingofpublictransportenterprises
optimizesystems.Majorresearchinthisareais
suitableforoptimizingtheschedulingof
p
iublictransportenterprisesystemmodel,a
varietyofnewtechnologiessuchasAutomatic
VehicleLocationSystemtechnology,combinedwithSchedulingpossibilities,aswellasbusroutestrafficbasedonthelinewiththe
numberoftechnicalmodelcars.Atpresent,publictransportenterpriseslagbehindthe
generaltechnicalmeans,thenewbusoperator
schedulingtechniques,suchasautomatic
\
vehiclelocationtechnology,passengerauto
technology,virtuallynoapplication.
3,
thedevelopmentofMassRapidPublic
TransportSystem
MassRapidtransportspeed,largevolume,lowenergyconsumption,lesspollution,andreliable,punctual,comfortable,safe,butitrequiresdedicatedroad,inaclosedstate,thecurrentcityintermsoffinancialortechnical,cannotimproveintheshorttermrapidtransitsystembuiltin,soinUrbanMassRapidpublictransportmaybeconsideredfollowedbytheimplementationofthefollowingthreestages,namely:
theestablishmentofbusIanes;
thedevelopmentofabustrain;
openuprailtransport.
4,theestablishmentofintelligentpublictransportsystemtocarryoutresponsetodemandservices
Intelligentpublictransportsystemisanimportantpartofthecity,whilemaintainingandexternaldepartments（suchastrafficcontrol）onthebasisofcoordinationofconvergenee,focusonimprovingbuspassengerinformationservices;
improvetheoperationofbusschedulingandbusinessmanagementcompany;
toimprovepublictransportservicesThesafetyandreliability,improveoperationalefficiency,reduceoperatingcosts;
toestablishanelectronicpaymentsystem.Responsetodemandisanewmodeofpublictransportoperations,anditsfeaturesare:
nofixedrunningschedule,routeandvehiclestops,passengersenjoydoortodoortransportservice,isaflexibleandefficientmodeofpublictransportoperations.
5,financialcompensation
Policyforpublictransportcompaniesshould
befinancialcompensationforloss,specificmeasuresareasfollows:
（1）todevelop"
Public
TransportAct,"
accordingtothelaw
specificallyforthedevelopmentofpublic
transporttothefunds;
（2）theestablishmentof
adedicatedpublictransportandregulatory
professionalstoreleasethefundsinstitutions
andpublictransportenterprisescompensation
policyevaluationsystem,thepolicyof
compensationforaccounting,distribution,
auditingandsupervision,toensurethatpublic
transportdesignedtoplayitsdueroleto
money.
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