客观自测及参考答案.docx

客观自测及参考答案.docx

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客观自测及参考答案

Supplementaryexercises andreferencekeys.

ChapterIIntroduction

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.

19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthespokenlanguage.

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21. Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.

22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.

 29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

 30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.

 III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.

A.prescriptiveB.analytic

C.descriptiveD.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.ArbitrarinessB.Displacement

C.DualityD.Meaningfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.

A.primaryB.correct

C.secondaryD.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.

A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D. Alloftheabove

 35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.

A.synchronicB.diachronic

C.prescriptiveD.comparative

36.Saussuretooka（n）__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.

A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performance

C.langueD.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.

A.senseB.sounds

C.objectsD.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,

A.displacementB.duality

C.flexibility                       D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learningB.teaching

C.booksD.bothAandB

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics

42.Phonology

43.Syntax

44.Pragmatics

45.Psycholinguistics

46.Language

47.Phonetics

48.Morphology

49.Semantics

50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics

52.Arbitrariness

53Productivity

54.Displacement

55.Duality

56.DesignFeatures

57.Competence

58Performance

59.Langue

60Parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercise1:

ChapterIIntroduction

 I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.T2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F

11.T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.F

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

 21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary

25.syntax26.genetic27.Parole28.applied29.productive

30.scientific（orsystematic）

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

 3l.C32.D33.C34.D35.B36.A37.C38.B39.A40.D

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41. Linguistics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

42. Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

43. Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.

44. Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.

45. Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

46. Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

47. Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

48. Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

49. Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.

50. Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics,.

51. Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

52. arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds

53. Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

54. Displacement:

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker

55. Duality:

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

56. Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

57. Competence:

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,

58. Performance:

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeofthe