非谓语动词一览表.docx
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非谓语动词一览表
非谓语动词一览表
非谓语动词
主动式
被动式
可充当的句子成分
动词不定式
todo
tobedone
主语
宾语
表语
定语
补语
状语
插入语
tobedoing
/
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
tohavebeendoing
/
动名词
doing
beingdone
主语
宾语
表语
定语
havingdone
havingbeendone
现在分词
doing
beingdone
表语
定语
补语
状语
插入语
havingdone
havingbeendone
过去分词
done
动词不定式的基本用法：
一.语法功能:
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语（主语补足语）、状语以及插入语（独立成分），唯独不可作谓语。
（主语）Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.
（宾语）WeareplanningtobuildaDisneyparkhere.
（宾补）Theyhurriedlyendedthemeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.
（表语）Ourmosturgenttaskistomakeacarefulanalysisofthepresentsituation.
仔细分析当前的形势是我们最迫切的任务。
（定语）Doyouhaveanythingelsetoadd?
还有什么要补充的吗
（目的状语）Learnfrompastmistakestoavoidfutureones.惩前毖后。
（结果状语）Hemadealongspeechonlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubject.
他大讲了一通，只暴露他对这门学科的无知。
（程度状语）Idon’tknowhertospeakto.我认识她还不到能与她谈话的程度。
（原因状语）Weshallbehappytoco-operatewithyouinthework.
（独立成分）Toputitanotherway,doyoulikehim?
Tobehonest,Idon’tknowanythingaboutit.
I.作主语：
1.Tosayiseasierthantodo.=Sayingiseasierthandoing.
2.Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving.
3.Howtogotherehasn’tbeendecidedyet.
4.Whotoblameforthetrafficaccidentisstillapuzzle.
5.Whethertogoorstayisnotknown.
6.ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwellandgotocollege.
7.Itisourdutytogiveahandtopeopleintrouble.
8.IttakesmethreehourstodohousecleaningonSundays.
9.Tomasteraforeignlanguageisveryimportant。
=Itisveryimportanttomasteraforeignlanguage.
【总结归纳】不定式作主语，用It代替主语，而把不定式后置，常见句型：
1．Itis+adj.（important,possible,impossible,necessary,hard,difficult,easy,
strange,natural,…）+（forsb.）todosth.
Itis+adj.（honest,brave,foolish,clever,careful,kind,wise,careless,good,nice,silly,stupid,impolite…）+（ofsb.）todosth.
eg:
ItisquitenecessaryforustolearnEnglishwell.
Itwasverybraveofyoutojumpintotherivertosavethegirl.
Infact,itisahardjobforthepolicetokeeporderinanimportantfootballmatch.
Itiskindofyoutohelpme.=Youarekindtohelpme.
Itwasfoolishofyoutobelievehim.
=Iiisfoolishofyoutohavebelievedhim
right,wrong既可用于forsb.todosth.也可用于ofsb.todosth.
eg.It’sright/wrongfor/ofhimtodotheworkalone.
2．Itis+n.（apity,apleasure,one’sduty,ashame）+todosth.
eg.It’smydutytoteachyouhowtobeastudentofNo.3MiddleSchool.
3．Ittakes/needs/requires+sometime（hours,days,patience…）+todosth.
eg:
ItrequirespatiencetolearnEnglishwell.
4.Itmadesb.+adj.（excited,frightened,angry）+todosth.
eg:
Itmademedelightedtohavebeeninvitedtogiveyouaspeechhere.
II.作表语：
当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。
例如：
1.Ourmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan.
2.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.
3.Atthattimehisjobwastowritereportsforthenewspaper.
4.Theproblemsremaintobeunsettled.
5.Hisfather’staskistoraisepigsandgoats.
6.Myquestioniswhentostartthework.
7.Theproblemiswhethertobuyabiggercomputer.
8.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.
9.①Allthatwehavetodois（to）practicespeakingEnglisheveryday.
②Whatwehavetodois（to）practicespeakingEnglisheveryday.
III.作宾语
1.Doyouagreetolendhim200yuantobuyabirthday’sgift?
2.Theymanagedtopassthedrivingtest.
3.WedeterminetostudyEnglishharderthanbefore.
4.Idon’tknowwhattodonext.
5.Herefusedtoacceptthepresent.
6.Hetriedtoavoidansweringmyquestions.
7.Thecatsaid“Remembernottotakeitnexttime!
”.
【总结归纳】
1）只可以接不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：
hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,afford,expect,___________________________________________________________etc.
2）Eg.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.
Cf.Wecandonothingbutwait.
3）用it作形式宾语,宾语补足语后置，find,think,consider,believe,feel,make+it+adj./n.+todosth.
eg:
Ifinditveryinterestingtotalkwithyou.
Doyouthinkitapitytomissawonderfulfilm?
MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.
IV.宾语补足语在SVOC句型中，许多动词都可以跟不定式作宾语补足语。
eg:
Youshouldgetthemtohelpyou
Jimtoldmetogivehisbestwishestoeveryonehere.
Parentswanttheirchildrentodevelopfully.
PleaseaskJohnnottoturnofftheair-condition.
HeencouragedmetotalktohiminEnglish.
Theyareallowedtotalkintheclassroomafterclass.
Heoftenmadehisworkerswork10hoursaday,butrecentlyhehasbeenmadetoreducetheworhinghour.
【总结归纳】
1）通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词和动词词组之后：
want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,cause,force,invite,warn,forbid,get,votefor,callon,counton,relyon,dependon,longfor,waitfor等。
但在谓语动词believe,find,think,feel,consider,suppose,imagine,prove等后面常跟tobe…作宾补，也可省略tobe.
eg.Theybelievehim（tobe）honest.
Ifindher（tobe）humorous.
Youcan’timaginethem（tobe）carefulandinteresting.
2）以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to（但变为被动语态时要加to）
①一些表示“致使”意义的动词，即let,have,make；
②一些表示“感觉”的动词，五看两听一感觉（listento,watch,observe,notice,lookat,see,hear,listento,feel.）
Eg:
Don’tletthechildrentroubleyou.
Iheardsomeoneopenthedoor.
Someonewasheardtoopenthedoor.
Hisfathermadehimgotobedearly.
Hewasmadetogotobedbyhisfather.
3）help后to带不带都可以。
Eg:
Heoftenhelps（to）dosomehouseworkathome.
Hehelpedanoldman（to）walkacrossthestreet.
V.作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词或代词。
1）.动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有动宾关系：
Ihaveameetingtoattend.Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.
Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Shehasachildtotakecareof.
Itseemsthathehasnopentowritewith.Ihavealottotalkaboutwithyou.
区别：
Haveyougotanythingtosend?
Haveyougotanythingtobesent?
Exx.
Hehasmanyletters__________（write）.
Heislookingforalargeroom________________（live）in.
Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper________________（write）on.
Pleasegivemeapen____________________（write）with.
Iwanttobuyaknife_________________（cut）appleswith.
①Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichoffice_____.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsent
②—Iwouldliketobuyanexpensivecamera.
—Well.Wehaveseveralmodels_____.
A.tochoosefromB.tochooseC.tobechosenD.forchoosing
③IamgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanything___toyourson?
A.takenB.totakeC.tobetakenD.take
2）.Hehasnomoneyandnoplacetolive（in）.
TheCentralParkisagoodplaceforpeopletorestandrelax（in）.
Ihavenotimetowritetoyou（in）.
Springisagoodseasontogotravelling（in）.
Ihavenowaytosolvetheproblem（in）.
若不定式修饰的名词是place,time,way，不定式后的介词常省略。
3）.IwillgotoNanjing.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakenthere?
Cf:
IwillgotoNanjingwithyou.Doyouhaveanythingtotakethere?
Ihavenomoreletterstobetyped.Thankyou.Youcangohomenow.
Cf:
Ihavenomoreletterstotype.Icangohomenow.
4）.被修饰名词前有序数词，形容词最高级修饰：
Edisonwasthefirstscientisttobuildamodernresearchanddevelopmentcenter.
Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.
MadameCuriewasthefirstwomanintheworldtowintwoNobelPrizes.
Heistheonlypersonintheofficetobeinvitedtotheball.
Shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake.
5）.Thereisnoneedtoworryaboutme.
Thereisnothingtodo/tobedonenow.
There’remanyplacesofinteresttovisit（=tobevisited）inChina.
Cf:
Thereisnothingformetodonow.（只能用todo）
TherearemanyplacesofinterestforhertovisitinChina.（只能用todo）
VI.作状语不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
①（not）todo…,inorder（not）todo…,soas（not）todo…作目的状语
Eg:
ShereadsChinaDailyeverydayto/inorderto/soastoimproveherEnglish.注：
inorderto可以位于句首或句中，soasto不能位于句首。
Weshouldtakeactiontostoppollutiontokeeptheriverclean.
Tosleeplateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.
To/Inordertocatchupwiththeotherstudents,heisworkingharder.
Inorderforthestudentstopasstheexam,theteachersareworkinghard.
Weranallthewaysoasnottobelateforthelecture.
Exx:
1）Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately___intimeforChristmas.
A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceive
C.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving
★注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致
2）Inordertomakeourcitygreen,_____.
A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretreesB.wemustplantmoretrees
C.manymoretreesneedtoplantD.ourcityneedsmoretrees
②在so…astodo,such….astodo,only/nevertodo…结构中，不定式作结果状语，其中only/nevertodo…用于表示意想不到的结果。
Eg:
Heissokindastohelpstrangersinneedofhelp.
Heissuchakindmanastohelpstrangersoutoftrouble.
Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.
Hehurriedtothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.
Heliftedarock,onlytodropitonhisownfeet.
Helefthomethreemonthsago,nevertocomeback.
Helefthomethreemonthsago,nevertobeseenagain.
③enoughtodo,too…todo,结构
Eg:
Theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.
=Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.
Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.Heistooweaktodothework.
=Heisnotstrongenoughtodothework.
Hewokeupthenextmorningtofindthathewasinahospital.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
或用nevertodo
Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadle
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