京剧英语.docx

京剧英语.docx

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京剧英语

BeijingOpera                                         

起源：

TheearlyQingDynastysawagreatdevelopmentofaplethoraofoperas.InthemiddleoftheQingDynasty,HuiandHanoperaswerebroughtintoBeijing.Theybecameimmenselypopularwiththeimperialfamily,nobles,officialsandthecommoners.ThemarriageofHuiandHanoperasbecameknownastheBeijingopera.

简介：

Beijingoperaconsistsofsinging,recital,gesturesandfightingactions.Thesong-and-danceroutine,thedazzlingcostumes,thestylizedperformanceandcolorfulfacialmake-upwereahugedraw.

表演：

stylizedaction

Beijingoperarecreatessettingsandpropsthroughtheuseofmimedgesturesandactions.Thestagehasnorealdoor,carriage,boat,mountainorhorse;hencetheactorswillmimetheactionofopeningthedoor,enteringthroughthedoor,gettingonacarriage,rowingaboat,climbingupamountainandridingahorse.

Forexample,thehandsshowingtheactionofholdingareinmeanstheactorisridingahorse,theactofopeningadoormeansjustthatandwalkingroundthestageinonecirclemeansalongjourney.

京剧角色：

Chinesefacialmake-upisauniquepartofChineseopera.Chineseoperaisbasedonthesefourcharactertypes:

sheng生：

amalerole,suchasayoungman,anelderlyman,orawarrior.

dan旦：

afemalerole,suchasayounglady,abeautifullady,aladywarrior,oranelderlywoman.

Themakeupforshenganddanrolesshouldhighlighttheeyesandeyebrowsandtheapplicationofrouge.Thistypeofmakeupisknownasthesumian素面（plainface）.

jing净：

alsoknownasthepaintedface,usedonachivalrousandruggedmalerole.

chou丑：

alsoknownasthelittlepaintedface,usedonvillainousorcomiccharacters.

jingandchoufollowastandardwayofmakeup.Itusesdifferentcoloursandstrokestoexaggeratetheactors'features,eithertobeautifythemortomakethemugly.Theyareusedtoshowthepersonalityofthecharacterandtoaddatouchofdramatotherole.ThisistheChinesefacialmakeupthatwearefamiliarwith.

脸谱（variouskindsoffacialdesigns）:

Three-partmake-up（sankuaiwa三块瓦）

Itemphasisestheforeheadandcheeks.Usedonheroesandwarriors.

Worn-outface（polian破脸）

Alsocalledbrokenfaceoroldface,thestrokes,patternsandcoloursusedonthesefacesaremorecomplicated.Theyexpressthecharacter'sinnermostfeelings.

Beancurdface（doufukuailian豆腐块脸）

Awhitesquareisdrawnaroundthenose.Itisthepatternusedforachourole.

Whiteface（fenbailian粉白脸）

Whitepowderisappliedallovertheface.Ablackpencilisusedtohighlighttheeyes,brows,noseandmuscles.Itisusedoncunningcharacters.

画脸谱的颜色

Thefacialmake-upfollowsastandardformat.youarenotallowedtochangethestyleorlookofacharacter.Thecoloursareclassifiedasprimary,secondary,peripheralandcomplementary.Nomatterhowcomplicatedthemake-upmaybe,thereisalwaysonemaincolourusedtohighlighttherole'scharacter.

Themeaningbehindthecoloursusedinfacialmake-up:

Red--loyaltyandcourage

Yellow--crueltyandsavagery

Goldenyellow--godsanddemons

White--evil

Blue--carelessnessandimpetuousness

Black--righteousness

Green—chivalry

Distiches中国对联文化

SpringFestivalDistiches

（distich[distik]n.对句,对联）

Adistichiscomposedoftwopoeticlinesmatchingbothsoundandsense.EveryyearwhentheSpringFestival（ChineseNewYear）iscoming,householdsinthecountryandtownputspringfestivaldistichesontothedoororwallfacingthedoorinthesittingroom.Thisisdonetoexpressthepeople'swishforapeacefulandhappynewyear.

Thecustomoriginatedfromancienttimeswhenpeoplewereignorantofthelawofthenature.Theycouldn'texplainsucheventsasdroughts,floods,earthquakesandaccidentsinascientificway.Theybelievedthatitwasthedevilsthatbroughtthemmisfortunes.Theyalsobelievedthedevilscouldbeavoidedordrivenawayinamagicway.Soatthebeginningofeachyear,eachfamilywouldhangtwopeachboardsonbothsidesoftheentranceintothehouse.Thefiguresofgodscarvedontheboardsweresaidtobepowerfultopreventthedevilsfromenteringthehouse.

Thereisalsoastoryaboutwhypeachboardswereused.Accordingtoalegend,intheEastSeathereusedtobeabeautifulmountainnamedDushuo.Onittherewasa3000-year-oldpeachtree.Thetreewassotallthatabranchbentwithitstoptouchingtheground.Thebendingbranchformedanentrance.Devilshadtogothroughthisentrancetogooutofthemountain.TheCelestialRulerknewthattheywouldgooutanddowrongtopeople.Tostopthedevils,heorderedtwoofhisgeneralstoguardattheentrance.Theywereempoweredtoarrestanydevilgoingout.

Villagersaroundlearnedthis.Theycopiedthispracticeandplacedtwopeachboardsoneithersideofthedoor.Atfirsttheycarvedimagesofgodsontheboards.Latertheysimplifiedtheworkbydrawingtheimages.Stilllater,theysimplywrotesomewordsontwosheetsofpaper.Thewordsweremostlyincantations,whichwerethoughttobemagicallyeffectivetostopdevils.

ByFiveDynasties（907-960）,someoneintheroyalcourtbegantowritedistichesonpaperinsteadofcarvingordrawingpicturesorwritingincantations.Thelinesareverticallyarrangedwiththesamelength.Asdistichesusuallyexpresspeople'swishforprosperouslifeandappearinaverybeautifulartisticform,hangingdistichesintheSpringFestivalsoonbecameapopularpracticethroughoutChina.