东财萨里旅游经济学 复习资料.docx

东财萨里旅游经济学 复习资料.docx

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东财萨里旅游经济学复习资料

旅游经济学

Chapter1

1什么是机会成本？

举例

2经济学是社会科学还是人文科学？

背Opportunitycost

thealternativesorotheropportunitiesthathavetobeforegonetoachieveaparticularthing.

Tourism

Visitingforatleastonenightforleisureandholiday,businessandprofessionalorothertourismpurposes.

Visitingmeansatemporarymovementtodestinationsoutsidethenormalhomeandworkplace.

TouristsExcursionists

（时间上的区别前者停留时间多余24小时）

Freeandscareresources（无限和有限资源）

后者包括naturallaborcapital

Zeroopportunitycost

Chapter2

1Intheeighteenthcentury,"GrandTour"Whoandwhatpurpose

2allocentric,mid-centric,orpsychocentric区分

3Whydowe（orsuppliers）havetostudythetouristtypes?

（旅游提高者研究旅游者分类的必要性）

4Whydosuppliersattempttomaximizerepeatvisiting?

Grandtour（18世纪上等欧洲人在政府或者公司资助的情况下以商业或贸易为出行目的的学习旅行）

18thcentury:

theEuropean‘GrandTour’becamefashionableasitwasaneducationalbutalsorecreationalperiodformanyupper-classyoungpeople.Themajorityoftourismwasfortradeorcommerce,includingtripsofexplorationthroughoutAfrica,theAmericas,andAustralia.Thesewerenormallypaidforgovernmentsormerchantcompaniesinattemptstoestablishcommercialtradingventures.

Venturesomeness（冒险主义）-thedegreeof“risk”touristwant

Hedonism（享乐主义）-thedegreeofcomfortrequiredonatrip

Changeability（劝说改变）-theextenttowhichatouristisimpulsiveorseekingsomethingnew

Dogmatism（教条，独断）-theextenttowhichatouristcannotbepersuadedtochangeideas

Intellectualism（理性主义）-thedegreeof‘culture’touristswant

背旅游者的心理分类：

Allocentric-highlyventuresome（热爱冒险）

Makeowntravelarrangements

Visitremotedestinations

Boardwithlocalresidents

Learnlocalculture

Rarelyrepeatvisit

Mid-centric-liketoexplore,butwithhomecomforts（探索，家的舒适）

Usetraveldestinationsbutmakeownpackage

Travelreasonablyafarbuttorecognizedtourismdestinations

Balancenoveltywithhomecomforts

Psychocentric-dislikingtheunfamiliarorrisky（不喜欢不熟悉事物或是冒险保守的旅行）

Useorganizedinclusivetours

Traveloftenenmasse

Seekdestinationsculturallysimilartohome

Boardinmassaccommodationorself-catering

Oftenrepeatvisit

背旅行者的分类：

Explorersmallinnumbers,virtuallynoconsumptionof‘tourismproducts’,negligibleeconomicimpact

EliteRelativelysmallinnumber,price-inelasticdemandforveryhighqualitytravelandtourismproducts,maycauseinvestmenttofollowintodestinations

Hostedor‘secondhomers’

1Constanttraveldemand,butboardedbyhostsorinownaccommodation

2Lowconsumptionofdestinationtourismproducts,butcauseincreaseingenerallocalexpenditure

Individualorincipientmass

1Numerous,widerangingtravel2Demandmayberatherprice-elastic,significantdemandfortourismproductsproduced/ownedbythedestination

Massorcharter

1Verynumerousbetweenspecificgeneratorsanddestinations

2Sectorsofthetravelindustrywhollydependentonthem

3Majorimpactandcostsatdestination,maycausesignificantinvestmentindestinationbygenerator-ownedbusinesses

旅行研究的三个方面：

Lengthofstay旅途的长短VFRvisitors（visitingfriendsandrelatives探访亲友）

Overallandseasonaldemandstability季节需求的稳定性

Repeatvisitationandmarketingcosts反复旅游及营销成本psychocentric

Repeatingvisiting

Repeatvisitinghasasignificanteffectontourismmarketingcosts,thatisthecostsofdeveloping,promotinganddeliveringtourismproducts.

Suppliersattempttomaximizerepeatvisiting,asthecostsofpromotinganddeliveringtourismproductstorepeatvisitorsarefarlowerthanwhenproductshavetobeintroducedtofirst-timebuyers.（花费跟吸引第一次旅行者比要低）

背Suppliers研究旅游者种类的必要性：

toidentifydiscrete（分离的）touristmarketsegments

toassess（评估）thestability（稳定性）anddemandpatternsofeachsegment

toevaluatethereturns,orprofitcontributionrealizedfromeachsegment

toallocate（分类）resourcestoattractingeachsegmentinsuchawaythatthemarginalreturnsobtainedfromeachsegmentareequal（thesuppliercansupplytourismproductssuitedtoidentifiedmarketsegments）.

Chapter3

（1）

1Whatisdemand?

2Listtheuniquecharacteristicsoftourismproducts.

3Describe“EffectiveDemand”.

4Explainthe“CognitiveDissonance”theoryandprovideanexampleoftouristbehavior.

背Demand:

Thedrivingforceofneedintheeconomy,whichstimulatesentrepreneurialactivityinproducingthegoodsandservicesrequiredtosatisfythatneed,inexchangefortheappropriatereward.

Effectivedemand:

willingandabletobuyatanypotentialpriceoversomespecifiedperiodoftime.

Uniquecharacteristicsoftourismproducts:

Non-tradeable（不可交易intangibility无形的）

Demandexistsunderconstraints（限制：

季节，价格等）

CognitiveDissonance:

Tensionthatariseswhenoneissimultaneouslyawareoftwoinconsistentcognitions（维基百科：

Cognitivedissonanceisadiscomfortcausedbyholdingconflictingcognitions.Anexampleofthiswouldbetheconflictbetweenwantingtosmokeandknowingthatsmokingisunhealthy例如想抽烟但是知道抽烟有害）

Chapter3

（2）

1Describefourmajorfactors,otherthanprice,likelytoinfluencedemandforaresorthotelinCancun,Mexico.

2Identifythemajorconstraintsontourismdemandamongstdifferentgroups（forexample,students,businesspeople,retirees）inyourlocality.

背ConstraintsonTourismDemand

1Scarceresources

2Money（disposableincome;savings）

incomeelasticityofdemand

3PoliticalControls（passportorvisasystems;drugs,alcohol,entertainment,&housing）

governmentinterventionintheeconomicmarketplacethroughpriceorfareregulationandtravelandtourismtaxes

4Time

thepossessionofastockofdisposabletime（空余时间）,andtheallocationofthatstocktodifferenttourismandnon-tourismactivities,constrainstheabilityofthetouristtodoallthethingsdesired,evenifmoneyisavailable.

其他影响旅游需求的因素：

trendsandfashion（趋势和时尚）

Anairline’ssafetyrecord

politicalstabilityandreliabilityofessentialservices

Seasonality

Climate;festivals;schoolvacations

Chapter4

1Whatreallyconstitutesamonopolyintourism?

examples.

2Findexamplesofbusinessesofferingsimilaroridenticaltravelandtourismproducts.Aretheyprice-competitive?

3Findlocalexamplesofmonopolisticcompetition.

Minimizetheircostsandmaximizetheirrevenue

Perfectcompetition（厂商是市场价格的接受者）

manybuyers,manysellers

identicalproducts（相同的产品）

freedomofentryandexitinthemarket

perfectknowledgeaboutpricesandproductsinthemarket.

Monopoly

oneseller

barrierstoentryintotheindustry（进入市场的障碍）monopolistisinapositiontobeapricemaker.

priceshapers

Oligopoly（求大于供的时候）

monopolisticcompetition（垄断竞争）（Thecompetitivefeaturesarefreedomofentryandexitandtheexistenceofalargenumberoffirms.HoweverproductsarenotidenticalE.g.hotels）

垄断竞争中企业要想成功的三个要点：

productdifferentiation

acquisitionsandmergers

costandpriceleadership

背上图是重点

Perfectcompetition=

manybuyersandsellers,homogeneousproducts,freedomofentryandexittomarket.

Monopoly=

oneseller,barrierstoentry.

Oligopoly=

asmallnumberofpowerfulsellers.

Monopolisticcompetition=

manybuyersandsellers,freedomofentryandexit,productsdifferentiated.

Productdifferentiation=

realornotionaldifferencesbetweenproductsofcompetingfirms.

Pricediscrimination=

sellingthesameproductatdifferentpricestodifferentmarketsegments.

Chapter5

1fourfactorsofproduction.

2Explainwhat“EconomiesofScale”is.Example

3Distinguishbetweenpotentialandeffectivesupplyofhistoricattractionsfortourism.Provideanexample.

背Supply：

requiresthewillingnessandabilityofanenterprisetoacquireresources,includinggoodsandservicesproducedbyotherenterprises,andtoprocessthoseresourcesintooutputofproductsforsaletoconsumers.

影响旅游供给的因素：

timeperiod

thelongerthetimeperiodallowed,theeasieritisforsupplytobechanged.

availabilityofstocks

theavailabilityofstocksofgoodsinwarehouseswillenablesupplytobemoreflexibleandmoreelastic.

sparecapacity

Theexistenceofsparecapacityeitherintermsofserviceormanufacturingwillmakesupplymoreelastic.

flexibilityofcapacity/resourcemobility

flexiblesporthallsenablecapacitytobeshiftedfromoneleisureservicetoanothertorespondtochangesindemandandthusmakesupplymoreelastic.

背Fourfactorsofproduction（产品投入四要素）

LandThisincludesnaturalresourcessuchasminerals,andlanditself.

LaborThisincludesskilledandunskilledhumaneffort.

CapitalThisincludesbuildings,machinesandtools.

EnterpriseThisisthefactorwhichbringstogethertheotherfactorsofproductiontoproducegoodsandservices.

背Economicsofscale规模经济

thecostadvantagesthatanenterpriseobtains（获得）duetoexpansion.

（alongrunconceptandreferstoreductionsinunitcostasthesizeofafacilityandtheusagelevelsofotherinputsincrease.）

Internal:

reducethecost

External:

marketingbenefits

Socialandprivatecosts

Privatecostsofproductionarethosecostswhichanorganizationhastopayforitsinputs.Theyarealsoknownasaccountingcostssincetheyappearinanorganization’saccounts.（为生产服务出现在会计账目中）

Socialcostsdonotappearinanorganization’saccountsanddonotaffectitsprofitability,althoughtheymaywellaffectthewell-beingofsocietyatlarge.（为社会福利不出现在会计账目中）

Potentialattractionstoeffectiveattraction:

1Bewillingtoprovidethemfortouristuse

2Provideause-managementsystem

potentialsupplytoeffectivesupply

Formostmanagersofhistoricandnaturalattractionsthemajorcostsarelabor.Laborinputsmayincludedirectvisitorservices（suchasguiding）,attractionmaintenance,andconservators

Chapter7

Thesizeandval