冷链物流外文文献.docx

冷链物流外文文献.docx

《冷链物流外文文献.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《冷链物流外文文献.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

冷链物流外文文献

附录A

TheColdChainanditsLogistics

Authors：

Dr.Jean—PaulRodriguezandDr.TheoNotteboom

1.Overview

WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller,thephysicalseparationofthesesameregionsisstillaveryimportantreality。

Thegreaterthephysicalseparation，themorelikelyfreightcanbedamagedinoneofthecomplextransportoperationsinvolved.Somegoodscanbedamagedbyshockswhileotherscanbedamagedbyunduetemperaturevariations.Forarangeofgoodslabeledasperishables，particularlyfood,theirqualitydegradeswithtimesincetheymaintainchemicalreactionswhichratecanbemostlymitigatedwithlowertemperatures.Ittakestimeandcoordinationtoefficientlymoveashipmentandeverydelaycanhavenegativeconsequences，notablyifthiscargoisperishable。

Toensurethatcargodoesnotbecomedamagedorcompromisedthroughoutthisprocess,businessesinthepharmaceutical,medicalandfoodindustriesareincreasinglyrelyingonthecoldchaintechnology.

Thecoldchainreferstothetransportationoftemperaturesensitiveproductsalongasupplychainthroughthermalandrefrigeratedpackagingmethodsandthelogisticalplanningtoprotecttheintegrityoftheseshipments.

SpecializationhasledmanycompaniestonotonlyrelyonmajorshippingserviceproviderssuchastheUnitedParcelService（UPS）andFEDEX，butalsomorefocusedindustryspecialiststhathavedevelopedanichelogisticalexpertisearoundtheshippingoftemperaturesensitiveproducts。

Thepotentialtounderstandlocalrules，customsandenvironmentalconditionsaswellasanestimationofthelengthandtimeofadistributionroutemakethemanimportantfactoringlobaltrade。

Asaresult，thelogisticsindustryisexperiencingagrowinglevelofspecializationandsegmentationofcoldchainshippinginseveralpotentialnichemarketswithinglobalcommoditychains。

Wholenewsegmentsofthedistributionindustryhavebeenveryactiveintakingadvantageofthedualdevelopmentofthespatialextensionofsupplychainssupportedbyglobalizationandthesignificantvarietyofgoodsincirculation。

Fromaneconomicdevelopmentperspective,thecoldchainenablesmanydevelopingcountriestotakepartintheglobalperishableproductsmarket。

Fromageographicalperspective，thecoldchainhasthefollowingimpacts:

∙Global.Specializationofagriculturalfunctionspermittingthetransportoftemperaturesensitivefoodproductstodistantmarkets。

Enablesthedistributionofvaccinesandotherpharmaceuticalorbiologicalproducts.

∙Regional.Cansupportthespecializationoffunctionsandeconomiesofscale，suchasspecializedlaboratories。

∙Local。

Timelydistributiontothefinalconsumer，namelygrocerystoresandrestaurants。

2。

EmergenceofColdChainLogistics

Whileglobalcommoditychainsarefairlymodernexpansionsinthetransportationindustry,therefrigeratedmovementoftemperaturesensitivegoodsisapracticethatdatesbackto1797whenBritishfishermenusednaturalicetopreservetheirfishstockpiles.Thisprocesswasalsoseeninthelate1800sforthemovementoffoodfromruralareastourbanconsumptionmarkets，namelydairyproducts.Coldstoragewasalsoakeycomponentoffoodtradebetweencolonialpowersandtheircolonies。

Forexample，inthelate1870sandearly1880s,FrancewasstartingtoreceivelargeshipmentsoffrozenmeatandmuttoncarcassesfromSouthAmerica,whileGreatBritainimportedfrozenbeeffromAustraliaandporkandothermeatfromNewZealand。

By1910,600,000tonsoffrozenmeatwasbeingbroughtintoGreatBritainalone。

Thefirstreefershipforthebananatradewasintroducedin1903bytheUnitedFoodCompany。

Thisenabledthebananatomovefromanexoticfruitthathadasmallmarketbecauseitarrivedinmarketstooripe，tooneoftheworld'smostconsumedfruit。

Thetemperaturecontrolledmovementofpharmaceuticalsandmedicalsuppliesisamuchmoremoderntransitoptionthantheshippingofrefrigeratedorfrozenfood.Sincethe1950s,logisticalthirdpartycompaniesbegantoemergeandinstitutenewmethodsforsuccessfullytransportingtheseglobalcommodities.Beforetheiremergence,coldchainprocessesweremostlymanagedinhousebythemanufacturer。

IntheUnitedStates，FoodandDrugAdministrationrestrictionsandaccountabilitymeasuresoverthestabilityofthecoldchainincitedmanyofthesecompaniestorelyonspecialtycouriersratherthancompletelyoverhaulingtheirsupplychainfacilities。

Aspecializedindustrywasthusborn.Thevalueofthecoldchaininthepreservationofexpensivevaccinesandmedicalsupplieswasonlybeginningtoberecognizedwhentheselogisticalprovidersstartedtoappear.Asawarenessbegantogrow，sodidtheneedforefficientmanagementofthecoldchain.

Therelianceonthecoldchaincontinuestogainimportance。

Withinthepharmaceuticalindustryforinstance，thetesting,productionandmovementofdrugsreliesheavilyoncontrolledanduncompromisedtransferofshipments。

Alargeportionofthepharmaceuticalproductsthatmovealongthecoldchainareintheexperimentordevelopmentalphase.Clinicalresearchandtrialsisamajorpartoftheindustrythatcostsmillionsofdollars，butonethatalsoexperiencesafailurerateofaround80%.AccordingtotheHealthcareDistributionManagementAssociation,ofthecloseto200billiondollarsinpharmaceuticaldistribution，about10%aredrugsthataretemperaturesensitive。

Thismakesthecoldchainresponsiblefortransportinganear20billiondollarinvestment。

Iftheseshipmentsshouldexperienceanyunanticipatedexposuretovarianttemperaturelevels，theyruntheriskofbecomingineffectiveorevenharmfultopatients。

Temperaturecontrolintheshipmentoffoodstuffsisacomponentoftheindustrythathascontinuedtoriseinnecessitywithinternationaltrade。

Asagrowingnumberofcountriesfocustheirexporteconomyaroundfoodandproduceproduction，theneedtokeeptheseproductsfreshforextendedperiodsoftimehasgainedinimportance。

Increasingincomelevelscreateachangeindietwithamongstothersagrowingappetiteforfreshfruitandhighervaluefoodstuffssuchasmeatandfish.Personswithhighersocioeconomicstatusandwithmoreeconomicmeansaremorelikelytoconsumevegetablesandfruit,particularlyfresh，notonlyinhigherquantitiesbutalsoingreatervariety.Consumerswithincreasingpurchasepowerhavebecomepreoccupiedwithhealthyeating，thereforeproducersandretailershaverespondedwithanarrayofexoticfreshfruitsoriginatingfromaroundtheworld。

AnymajorgrocerystorearoundtheworldislikelytocarrytangerinesfromSouthAfrica，applesfromNewZealand，bananasfromCostaRicaandasparagusfromMexico。

Thus,acoldchainindustryhasemergedtoservicethesecommoditychains。

In2002，anestimated1200billiondollars'worthoffoodwastransportedbyafleetof400，000refrigeratedcontainers（Reefers）.Alone，theUnitedStatesimportsabout30％ofitsfruitsandvegetablesand20％ofitsfoodexportscanbeconsideredperishables.Theuncompromisedqualityandsafetyofthisfoodisoftentakenforgranted，despitebeingthemainreasonbehindtheabilitytosellthefood.Thecoldchainservesthefunctionofkeepingfoodfreshforextendedperiodsandeliminatingdoubtsoverthequalityofthefoodproducts。

Inallthesupplychainsitisconcernedwith，coldchainlogisticsfavorhigherlevelsofintegrationsincemaintainingtemperatureintegrityrequiresahigherlevelofcontrolofalltheprocessesinvolved。

Itmayevenincitethirdpartylogisticsproviderstoacquireelementsofthesupplychainwheretimeandotherperformancefactorsarethemostimportant，evenfarming。

Thismayinvolvetheacquisitionofproducefarms（e。

g。

oranges）toinsuresupplyreliability.

3.ProvidingTemperatureControlledEnvironments

Thesuccessofindustriesthatrelyonthecoldchaincomesdowntoknowinghowtoshipaproductwithtemperaturecontroladaptedtotheshippingcircumstances.Differentproductsrequiredifferenttemperaturelevelmaintenancetoensuretheirintegritythroughoutthetravelprocess.Forinstance，themostcommontemperaturestandardsare”banana”（13°C）,”chill”（2°C）,"frozen"（-18°C）and”deepfrozen"（-29°C）。

Stayingwithinthistemperatureisvitaltotheintegrityofashipmentalongthesupplychainandforperishablesitenablestoinsureandoptimalshelflife.Anydivergencecanresultinirrevocableandexpensivedamage;aproductcansimplyloseanymarketorusefulvalue。

Beingabletoensurethatashipmentwillremainwithinatemperaturerangeforanextendedperiodoftimecomesdownlargelytothetypeofcontainerthatisusedandtherefrigerationmethod.Factorssuchasdurationoftransit，thesizeoftheshipmentandtheambientoroutsidetemperaturesexperiencedareimportantindecidingwhattypeofpackagingisrequired.Theycanrangefromsmallinsulatedboxesthatrequiredryiceorgelpacks，rollingcontainers,toa53footerreeferwhichhasitsownpoweredrefrigerationunit。

Themajorcoldchaintechnologiesinvolve:

∙Dryice。

Solidcarbondioxide,isabout—80°Candiscapableofkeepingashipmentfrozenforanextendedperiodoftime。

Itisparticularlyusedfortheshippingofpharmaceuticals,dangerousgoodsandfoodstuffs.Dryicedoesnotmelt,insteaditsublimateswhenitcomesincontactwithair。

∙Gelpacks.Largesharesofpharmaceuticalandmedicinalshipmentsareclassifiedaschilledproducts,whichmeanstheymustbestoredinatemperaturerangebetween2and8°C。

Thecommonmethodtoprovidethistemperatureistousegelpacks,orpackagesthatcontainphasechangingsubstancesthatcangofromsolidtoliq