物流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 组合优化和绿色物流.docx

物流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 组合优化和绿色物流.docx

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物流外文翻译外文文献英文文献组合优化和绿色物流

物流外文翻译外文文献英文文献组合优化和绿色物流

附件2:

外文原文（复印件）

CombinatorialoptimizationandGreenLogistics

AbstractThepurposeofthispaperistointroducetheareaofGreenLogisticsandtodescribesomeoftheproblemsthatariseinthissubjectwhichcanbeformulatedascombinatorialoptimizationproblems.Thepaperparticularlyconsidersthetopicsofreverselogistics,wastemanagementandvehicleroutingandscheduling.KeywordsGreenLogistics、Reverselogistics、Combinatorialoptimization、Waste

management、Hazardousmaterials

1Introduction

GreenLogisticsisconcernedwithproducinganddistributinggoodsinasustainableway,takingaccountofenvironmentalandsocialfactors.Thustheobjectivesarenotonlyconcernedwiththeeconomicimpactoflogisticspoliciesontheorganizationcarryingthemout,butalsowiththewidereffectsonsociety,suchastheeffectsofpollutionontheenvironment.GreenLogisticsactivitiesincludemeasuringtheenvironmentalimpactofdifferentdistributionstrategies,reducingtheenergyusageinlogisticsactivities,reducingwasteandmanagingitstreatment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenincreasingconcernabouttheenvironmentaleffectsontheplanetofhumanactivityandcurrentlogisticpracticesmaynotbesustainableinthelongterm.Manyorganizationsandbusinessesarestartingtomeasuretheircarbonfootprintssothattheenvironmentalimpactoftheiractivitiescanbemonitored.Governmentsareconsideringtargetsforreducedemissionsandotherenvironmentalmeasures.ThereisthereforeincreasinginterestinGreenLogisticsfromcompaniesandgovernments.Traditionallogisticsmodelsforproductionanddistributionhaveconcentratedonminimizingcostssubjecttooperationalconstraints.ButconsiderationofthewiderobjectivesandissuesconnectedwithGreenLogisticsleadstonewmethodsofworkingandnewmodels,someofwhichposeinterestingnewapplicationsforoperationalresearchmodelsofvarioustypes.AsurveyofalloperationalresearchmodelsinthisareawouldrequireaverylongarticleandsothefocusofthispaperistoconcentrateonsomeoftheneworrevisedcombinatorialoptimizationmodelsthatariseinGreenLogisticsapplications.Forthoseworkingincombinatorial

optimizationitishopedthatthesenewmodelswillposeinterestingnewchallengesthatmayhavesignificanteffectsontheenvironmentwhentheresultsareapplied.TheoriginalversionofthispapercanbefoundinSbihiandEglese（2007）.Itdiscussesdifferentareas

thatrelatetotheGreenLogisticsagenda.Section2concernsReverseLogisticsmodels

thattakeaccountofthefulllife-cycleofaproductandthepossibilitiesofvariousformsofrecycling.Section3coversWasteManagementthatincludesmodelsforthe

transportationofhazardouswaste,roll-onroll-offcontainersandthecollectionofhouseholdwaste.Section4dealswithVehicleRoutingmodelsandissuesrelatingto

GreenLogisticsobjectives.Section5containsthefinalconclusions.

2ReverseLogistics

TherearevariousdefinitionsofReverseLogisticstobefoundintheliterature.Forexample,Fleischmannetal.（1997）saythatreverselogisticsis―aprocesswhich

encompassesthelogisticsactivitiesallthewayfromusedproductsnolongerrequiredbytheusertoproductsagainusableinamarket‖.Dowlatshahi（2000）explainsReverse

Logisticsas―aprocessinwhichamanufacturersystematicallyacceptspreviously

shippedproductsorpartsfromthepointforconsumptionforpossiblerecycling,

remanufacturingordisposal‖.Later,theEuropeanWorkingGrouponReverseLogistics,

REVLOG,Dekkeretal.（2004）,givethisdefinition:

―Theprocessofplanning,

implementingandcontrollingbackwardflowsofrawmaterials,inprocessinventory,

packagingandfinishedgoods,fromamanufacturing,distributionorusepoint,toapoint

ofrecoveryorpointofproperdisposal‖.Intheirbook,RogersandTibben-Lembke（1999）

brieflyconsiderthedifferencesbetweenReverseLogisticsandGreenLogistics.InReverseLogisticsthereshouldbesomeflowofproductsorgoodsbackfromtheconsumertoanearlierstageofthesupplychain.ThereductionofwastethatthisimpliescertainlymeansthatReverseLogisticsshouldbeincludedwithinGreenLogistics.Forexample,DeBritoandVanDerLaan（2003）examineinventorymanagementissues

whenproductreturnsmustbeestimated.Howevertherewillbeothermodelsoflogisticsactivitiesinvolvingonlyforwardflowsofgoodsthatcouldnotbedescribedasreverselogistics,butiftheyincludeenvironmentalconsiderations,willalsobeincludedwithin

GreenLogistics.Forexample,MondscheinandSchilkrut（1997）describeamixedinteger

linearprogrammingmodeltodeterminetheoptimalinvestmentpoliciesforthecopperindustryinChile.Akeypartofthemodelwastocontrolairpollutionthroughemissionsintheproductionprocess.LegislationwithintheEuropeanCommunitygiveshighimportancetorecycledproductsand,insomecases,ithasestablishedtheresponsibilityfortheendoflifeproductstothemanufacturers.Forexample,theWasteElectronicandElectricalEquipment（WEEE）Directive（2002/96/EC）1dealswiththis.Suchlegislation

isoneofthedriversinestablishingtheimportanceofreverselogisticsoperations.MostEuropeancompanieswillincreasinglyhavetothinkaboutincorporatingReverseLogisticsactivitiesintheirbusinessoperations.

2.1LocationmodelsusedinReverseLogistics

Thereisahugeamountofresearchinfacilitylocationtheoryingeneral.However,intheliteraturewefoundrelativelyfewpapersonthistopicapplicabletoReverseLogistics（RL）.Krikke（1998）proposessomemodelsforRLnetworkdesign.Hedesigns

amodelforamulti-productandmulti-echelonsituation.Themodelallowsnewfacilitiestobeaddedwiththecorrespondingcostfunctionswhennecessary.Heproposesthedesignofanetworkgraphandatransportationgraphasbasicinputsforhismodel.Barrosetal.（1998）considertheproblemoftherecyclingofsand（asubproductofrecyclingconstructionwaste）intheNetherlands.Theyproposeatwo-levellocationmodelforthesandproblemandconsideritsoptimizationusingheuristicprocedures.Fleischmannetal.（2000）reviewedninepublishedcasestudiesonlogisticsnetwork

designforproductrecoveryindifferentindustries,andidentifiedsomegeneralcharacteristicsofproductrecoverynetworks,comparingthemwithtraditionallogisticsstructures.Theyclassifiedtheproductrecoverynetworksinthreesub-areas:

re-usableitemnetworks,remanufacturingnetworks,andrecyclingnetworks.

Otherreferencesdealwiththistopic（e.g.,Krikke1998;Sarkis2001;Fleischmann

2001）.Mostofthemodelsdevelopedinthisfieldaresimilartothetraditionallocationproblems,inparticularlocation-allocationmodels（seeKroonandVrijens1995;Ammons

etal.1999;Spengleretal.1997;MarìnandPelegrìn1998;Jayaramanetal.1999;Krikke

etal.1999,2001;Fleischmannetal.2000）.Inmostofthemodels,transportationand

processingcostswereminimizedwhiletheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwiththedesignednetworkwereoftenneglected.

2.2Dynamiclot-sizingproblem

Thedynamiclotsizingprobleminitssimplestformconsidersafacility,possiblyawarehouseoraretailer,whichfacesdynamicdemandforasingleitemoverafinitehorizon（seeWagnerandWhitin1958）.Thefacilityplacesordersfortheitemfroma

supplyagency,e.g.,amanufacturerorasupplier,whichisassumedtohaveanunlimitedquantityoftheproduct.Themodelassumesafixedordering（setup）cost,alinearprocurementcostforeachunitpurchased,andalinearholdingcostforeachunitheldininventoryperunittime.Giventhetimevaryingdemandandcostparameters,theproblemistodecidewhenandhowmuchtoorderatthefacilityineachperiodsothatalldemandissatisfiedatminimumcost.

Thedynamiclot-sizingproblemhasbeenwellstudiedinthepastsinceitwasfirstintroducedmorethanfourdecadesago.Theexactsolutiontechnique,knownastheWagner-Whitinalgorithm,basedonDynamicProgrammingiswellknowninproductionplanningandinventorycontrol.Formoreinformationaboutthismodel,seethebooksbyBramelandSimchi-Levi（1997）,JohnsonandMontgomery（1974）andSilveretal.

（1996）.Avarietyofheuristicmethodshavealsobeenproposed,forexampletheSilver-MealheuristicdescribedinSilverandMeal（1973）.

InTeunteretal.（2006）avariantofthebasiclotsizingmodelisconsideredwheretheserviceablestockmayalsobemadeusingaremanufacturingoperationthatutilizesreturnsandproducesserviceablestockthatisindistinguishablefromthenewlymanufacturedstock.Examplesofremanufacturingincludesingle-usecamerasandcopiers.AninventorysystemwithremanufacturingcanbedescribedinFig.1.The

modelstudiedmakesthefollowingassumptions:

–nodisposaloptionforreturns;

–holdingcostforserviceablesisgreaterthanholdingcostforreturns;

–variablemanufacturingandremanufacturingcostsarenotincluded.

Theobjectiveisagaintominimizethesumoftheset-upcostsandholdingcosts.Twovariantsareconsidered.Inthefirstitisassumedthatthereisajointset-upcostfor

manufacturingandremanufacturingwhichisappropriatewhenthesameproductionlineisusedforbothprocesses.Thesecondvariantassumesseparateset-upcostsformanufacturingandremanufacturing.Wereviewthesemodelsinthenexttwosections.3Wastemanagement

Thewidelyacknowledgedincreaseinsolidwasteproduction,togetherwiththeincreasedconcernaboutenvironmentalissues,haveledlocalgovernmentsandagenciestodevoteresourcestosolidwastecollectionpolicy