四六级阅读长难句训练.docx

四六级阅读长难句训练.docx

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四六级阅读长难句训练

四六级阅读长难句训练

1.ManycriticsofEamilyBronte’snovelWutheringHeightsseeitssecondpartasacounterpointthatcommentson,ifitdoesnotreverse,thefirstpart,wherea“romantic”readingreceivesmoreconfirmation.

2.ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier——thatis,thedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.

3.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfarmedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarming,butagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands.

4.TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.

5.Theuseofheatpumpshasbeenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyastwounitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyused,thusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.

6.Inbrief,herworksneitherelevatenorinstruct.Thisrestraintlargelyexplainsherlackofpopularsuccessduringherlifetime,evenifhertalentdidnotgocompletelyunrecognizedbyhereighteenth-centuryFrenchcontemporaries.

7.Intheearly1950’s,historianswhostudiedpre-industrialEurope（whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800）began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite：

thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.

8.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw——notwithstanding,ofcourse,aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentareconcerned——thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequatelythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.

9.ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora（thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael），thespiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.

10.Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit；Islamiclawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle,oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-IslamicArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenoverfromthenon-Arabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.

11.Jewishlawwasbuttressedbythecohesionofthecommunity,reinforcedbypressurefromoutside；itsrulesarethedirectexpressionofthisfeelingofcohesion,tendingtowardtheaccommodationofdissent.

12.Whilethenewdoctrineseemsalmostcertainlycorrect,theonepapyrusfragmentraisesthespecterthatanothermaybeunearthed,showing,forinstance,thatitwasaposthumousproductionoftheDanaidtetralogywhichbestedSophocles,andthrowingthedateoncemoreintoutterconfusion.

13.Thisisunlikelytohappen,butitwarnsusthatperhapsthemostsalutaryfeatureofthepapyrusscrapisitsmessageoftheextremedifficultyofclassifyingandcategorizingrigidlythedevelopmentofacreativeartist.

14.Traditionally,pollinationbywindhasbeenviewedasareproductiveprocessmarkedbyrandomeventsinwhichthevagariesofthewindarecompensatedforbythegenerationofvastquantitiesofpollen,sothattheultimateproductionofnewseedsisassuredattheexpenseofproducingmuchmorepollenthanisactuallyused.

15.Becausethepotentialhazardspollengrainsaresubjecttoastheyaretransportedoverlongdistancesareenormous,wind-pollinatedplantshave,intheviewabove,compensatedfortheensuinglossofpollenthroughhappenstancebyvirtueofproducinganamountofpollenthatisonetothreeordersofmagnitudegreaterthantheamountproducedbyspeciespollinatedbyinsects.

16.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen"seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen"swork.

17.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.

18.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880"screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women"swork."

19.Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.

20.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomen"sworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:

thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen"shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.

21.Disputesoccurred,ofcourse,amongthosewhoremainedontherebelside,buttheextraordinarysocialmobilityofeighteenth-centuryAmericansociety（withtheobviousexceptionofslaves）usuallypreventedsuchdisputesfromhardeningalongclasslines.

22.Socialstructurewasinfactsofluid—thoughrecentstatisticssuggestanarrowingofeconomicopportunityasthelatterhalfofthecenturyprogressed—thattotalkaboutsocialclassesatallrequirestheuseoflooseeconomiccategoriessuchasrich,poor,andmiddleclass,oreighteenth-centurydesignationslike"thebettersort."

23.Althoughundertonesofclassconflictexistedbeneathsuchhostility,theoppositionwasprimarilygeographical.Sectionalconflict—whichalsoexistedbetweenNorthandSouth—deservesfurtherinvestigation.

24.Yetthosewhostresstheachievementofageneralconsensusamongthecolonistscannotfullyunderstandthatconsensuswithoutunderstandingtheconflictsthathadtobeovercomeorrepressedinordertoreachit.

25.Therecent,apparentlysuccessful,predictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofEINino—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica—hasexcitedresearchers.

26.TakingmonthstotraversethePacific,RossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasin,whichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchains,suchas,thePhilippinesandIndonesia.

27.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

28.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”

29.Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.

30.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

31.Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.

32.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.

33.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore—consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether—hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.

34.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.

35.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth（becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightact