动画外文文献.docx

动画外文文献.docx

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动画外文文献

Animation

Animationistherapiddisplayofasequenceofimagesof2-Dor3—Dartworkormodelpositionstocreateanillusionofmovement.Theeffectisanopticalillusionofmotionduetothephenomenonofpersistenceofvision,andcanbecreatedanddemonstratedinseveralways。

Themostcommonmethodofpresentinganimationisasamotionpictureorvideoprogram，althoughthereareothermethods。

Earlyexamples

AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings，therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion。

Itdoes,however，indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.

Earlyexamplesofattemptstocapturethephenomenonofmotiondrawingcanbefoundinpaleolithiccavepaintings，whereanimalsaredepictedwithmultiplelegsinsuperimposedpositions，clearlyattemptingtoconveytheperceptionofmotion.

Fiveimagessequencefromavasefound

A5,000yearoldearthenbowlfoundinIran.Ithasfiveimagesofagoatpaintedalongthesides.Thishasbeenclaimedtobeanexampleofearlyanimation。

However,sincenoequipmentexistedtoshowtheimagesinmotion,suchaseriesofimagescannotbecalledanimationinatruesenseoftheword.

AChinesezoetrope-typedevicehadbeeninventedin180 AD.Thephenakistoscope，praxinoscope,andthecommonflipbookwereearlypopularanimationdevicesinventedduringthe19thcentury。

Thesedevicesproducedtheappearanceofmovementfromsequentialdrawingsusingtechnologicalmeans,butanimationdidnotreallydevelopmuchfurtheruntiltheadventofcinematography。

AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold，showingwrestlersinaction。

Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings,therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion。

Thereisnosinglepersonwhocanbeconsideredthe"creator”offilmanimation,astherewereseveralpeopleworkingonprojectswhichcouldbeconsideredanimationataboutthesametime。

GeorgesMélièswasacreatorofspecial—effectfilms;hewasgenerallyoneofthefirstpeopletouseanimationwithhistechnique。

Hediscoveredatechniquebyaccidentwhichwastostopthecamerarollingtochangesomethinginthescene,andthencontinuerollingthefilm。

Thisideawaslaterknownasstop-motionanimation。

Mélièsdiscoveredthistechniqueaccidentallywhenhiscamerabrokedownwhileshootingabusdrivingby。

Whenhehadfixedthecamera,ahearsehappenedtobepassingbyjustasMélièsrestartedrollingthefilm，hisendresultwasthathehadmanagedtomakeabustransformintoahearse。

Thiswasjustoneofthegreatcontributorstoanimationintheearlyyears。

Theearliestsurvivingstop-motionadvertisingfilmwasanEnglishshortbyArthurMelbourne—CoopercalledMatches:

AnAppeal（1899）.DevelopedfortheBryantandMayMatchstickscompany，itinvolvedstop-motionanimationofwired-togethermatcheswritingapatrioticcalltoactiononablackboard.

J。

StuartBlacktonwaspossiblythefirstAmericanfilm-makertousethetechniquesofstop-motionandhand—drawnanimation.Introducedtofilm—makingbyEdison，hepioneeredtheseconceptsattheturnofthe20thcentury,withhisfirstcopyrightedworkdated1900.Severalofhisfilms，amongthemTheEnchantedDrawing（1900）andHumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces（1906）werefilmversionsofBlackton's"lightningartist”routine,andutilizedmodifiedversionsofMéliès’earlystop—motiontechniquestomakeaseriesofblackboarddrawingsappeartomoveandreshapethemselves.'HumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces’isregularlycitedasthefirsttrueanimatedfilm，andBlacktonisconsideredthefirsttrueanimator.

AnotherFrenchartist，ÉmileCohl，begandrawingcartoonstripsandcreatedafilmin1908calledFantasmagorie.Thefilmlargelyconsistedofastickfiguremovingaboutandencounteringallmannerofmorphingobjects,suchasawinebottlethattransformsintoaflower.Therewerealsosectionsofliveactionwheretheanimator’shandswouldenterthescene.Thefilmwascreatedbydrawingeachframeonpaperandthenshootingeachframeontonegativefilm，whichgavethepictureablackboardlook。

ThismakesFantasmagoriethefirstanimatedfilmcreatedusingwhatcametobeknownastraditional（hand-drawn）animation。

FantasmagoriebyEmileCohl,1908

FollowingthesuccessesofBlacktonandCohl，manyotherartistsbeganexperimentingwithanimation.OnesuchartistwasWinsorMcCay,asuccessfulnewspapercartoonist,whocreateddetailedanimationsthatrequiredateamofartistsandpainstakingattentionfordetail.Eachframewasdrawnonpaper;whichinvariablyrequiredbackgroundsandcharacterstoberedrawnandanimated.AmongMcCay’smostnotedfilmsareLittleNemo（1911）,GertietheDinosaur（1914）andTheSinkingoftheLusitania（1918）。

Theproductionofanimatedshortfilms，typicallyreferredtoas”cartoons"，becameanindustryofitsownduringthe1910s，andcartoonshortswereproducedtobeshowninmovietheaters。

ThemostsuccessfulearlyanimationproducerwasJohnRandolphBray，who,alongwithanimatorEarlHurd，patentedthecelanimationprocesswhichdominatedtheanimationindustryfortherestofthedecade.

ElApóstol（Spanish：

"TheApostle"）wasa1917Argentineanimatedfilmutilizingcutoutanimation，andtheworld’sfirstanimatedfeaturefilm。

Traditionalanimation（alsocalledcelanimationorhand—drawnanimation）wastheprocessusedformostanimatedfilmsofthe20thcentury.Theindividualframesofatraditionallyanimatedfilmarephotographsofdrawings，whicharefirstdrawnonpaper。

Tocreatetheillusionofmovement，eachdrawingdiffersslightlyfromtheonebeforeit。

Theanimators'drawingsaretracedorphotocopiedontotransparentacetatesheetscalledcels，whicharefilledinwithpaintsinassignedcolorsortonesonthesideoppositethelinedrawings.Thecompletedcharactercelsarephotographedone—by-oneontomotionpicturefilmagainstapaintedbackgroundbyarostrumcamera。

Anexampleoftraditionalanimation，ahorseanimatedbyrotoscopingfromEadweardMuybridge’s19thcenturyphotos

Thetraditionalcelanimationprocessbecameobsoletebythebeginningofthe21stcentury.Today，animators’drawingsandthebackgroundsareeitherscannedintoordrawndirectlyintoacomputersystem.Varioussoftwareprogramsareusedtocolorthedrawingsandsimulatecameramovementandeffects。

Thefinalanimatedpieceisoutputtooneofseveraldeliverymedia，includingtraditional35 mmfilmandnewermediasuchasdigitalvideo.The"look”oftraditionalcelanimationisstillpreserved，andthecharacteranimators’workhasremainedessentiallythesameoverthepast70years。

Someanimationproducershaveusedtheterm"tradigital”todescribecelanimationwhichmakesextensiveuseofcomputertechnology。

ExamplesoftraditionallyanimatedfeaturefilmsincludePinocchio（UnitedStates，1940）,AnimalFarm（UnitedKingdom，1954）,andAkira（Japan，1988）.TraditionalanimatedfilmswhichwereproducedwiththeaidofcomputertechnologyincludeTheLionKing（US,1994）SentoChihironoKamikakushi（SpiritedAway）（Japan,2001）,andLesTriplettesdeBelleville（France，2003）。

Fullanimationreferstotheprocessofproducinghigh—qualitytraditionallyanimatedfilms，whichregularlyusedetaileddrawingsandplausiblemovement.Fullyanimatedfilmscanbedoneinavarietyofstyles，frommorerealisticallyanimatedworkssuchasthoseproducedbytheWaltDisneystudio（BeautyandtheBeast,Aladdin，LionKing）tothemore'cartoony’stylesofthoseproducedbytheWarnerBros.animationstudio。

ManyoftheDisneyanimatedfeaturesareexamplesoffullanimation,asarenon-DisneyworkssuchasTheSecretofNIMH（US,1982），TheIronGiant（US,1999）,andNocturna（Spain,2007）。

Limitedanimationinvolvestheuseoflessdetailedand/ormorestylizeddrawingsandmethodsofmovement.PioneeredbytheartistsattheAmericanstudioUnitedProductionsofAmerica，limitedanimationcanbeusedasamethodofstylizedartisticexpression，asinGeraldMcBoingBoing（US,1951），YellowSubmarine（UK，1968），andmuchoftheanimeproducedinJapan.Itsprimaryuse,however，hasbeeninproducingcost—effectiveanimatedcontentformediasuchastelevision（theworkofHanna-Barbera，Filmation,andotherTVanimationstudios）andlatertheInternet（webcartoons）.

Rotoscopingisatechnique，patentedbyMaxFleischerin1917，whereanimatorstracelive—actionmovement，framebyframe。

Thesourcefilmcanbedirectlycopiedfromactors'outlinesintoanimateddrawings，asinTheLordoftheRings（US，1978），orusedinastylizedandexpressivemanner,asinWakingLife（US，2001）andAScannerDarkly（US,2006）。

Someotherexamplesare：

FireandIce（USA,1983）andHeavyMetal（1981）.

Live—action/animationisatechnique，whencombininghand-drawncharactersintoliveactionshots.OneoftheearlierusesofitwasKokotheClownwhenKokowasdrawnoverliveactionfootage。

OtherexampleswouldincludeWhoFramedRogerRabbit（USA,1988），SpaceJam（USA，1996）andOsmosisJones（USA,2002）.

AshortgifanimationofEarth

Computeranimation

2Danimation

2Danimationfiguresarecreatedand/oreditedonthecomputerusing2Dbitmapgraphicsorcreatedandeditedusing2Dvectorgraphics.Thisincludesautomatedcomputerizedversionsoftraditionalanimationtechniquessuchasof，interpolatedmorphing，onionskinningandinterpolatedrotoscoping。

2Danimationhasmanyapplications,includinganalogcomputeranimation,FlashanimationandPowerPointanimation.Cinemagraphsarestillphotographsintheform