动画外文文献.docx

动画外文文献.docx

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动画外文文献

Animation

Animationistherapiddisplayofasequenceofimagesof2—Dor3—Dartworkormodelpositionstocreateanillusionofmovement.Theeffectisanopticalillusionofmotionduetothephenomenonofpersistenceofvision，andcanbecreatedanddemonstratedinseveralways.Themostcommonmethodofpresentinganimationisasamotionpictureorvideoprogram，althoughthereareothermethods.

Earlyexamples

AnEgyptianburialchambermural,approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction.Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings，therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion.Itdoes,however,indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.

Earlyexamplesofattemptstocapturethephenomenonofmotiondrawingcanbefoundinpaleolithiccavepaintings，whereanimalsaredepictedwithmultiplelegsinsuperimposedpositions，clearlyattemptingtoconveytheperceptionofmotion。

Fiveimagessequencefromavasefound

A5，000yearoldearthenbowlfoundinIran。

Ithasfiveimagesofagoatpaintedalongthesides。

Thishasbeenclaimedtobeanexampleofearlyanimation.However,sincenoequipmentexistedtoshowtheimagesinmotion,suchaseriesofimagescannotbecalledanimationinatruesenseoftheword.

AChinesezoetrope—typedevicehadbeeninventedin180 AD。

Thephenakistoscope，praxinoscope，andthecommonflipbookwereearlypopularanimationdevicesinventedduringthe19thcentury。

Thesedevicesproducedtheappearanceofmovementfromsequentialdrawingsusingtechnologicalmeans,butanimationdidnotreallydevelopmuchfurtheruntiltheadventofcinematography.

AnEgyptianburialchambermural，approximately4000yearsold,showingwrestlersinaction。

Eventhoughthismayappearsimilartoaseriesofanimationdrawings，therewasnowayofviewingtheimagesinmotion。

Itdoes,however，indicatetheartist'sintentionofdepictingmotion.

Thereisnosinglepersonwhocanbeconsideredthe"creator”offilmanimation，astherewereseveralpeopleworkingonprojectswhichcouldbeconsideredanimationataboutthesametime。

GeorgesMélièswasacreatorofspecial-effectfilms；hewasgenerallyoneofthefirstpeopletouseanimationwithhistechnique.Hediscoveredatechniquebyaccidentwhichwastostopthecamerarollingtochangesomethinginthescene,andthencontinuerollingthefilm。

Thisideawaslaterknownasstop-motionanimation。

Mélièsdiscoveredthistechniqueaccidentallywhenhiscamerabrokedownwhileshootingabusdrivingby.Whenhehadfixedthecamera,ahearsehappenedtobepassingbyjustasMélièsrestartedrollingthefilm,hisendresultwasthathehadmanagedtomakeabustransformintoahearse.Thiswasjustoneofthegreatcontributorstoanimationintheearlyyears.

Theearliestsurvivingstop—motionadvertisingfilmwasanEnglishshortbyArthurMelbourne-CoopercalledMatches：

AnAppeal（1899）.DevelopedfortheBryantandMayMatchstickscompany，itinvolvedstop-motionanimationofwired—togethermatcheswritingapatrioticcalltoactiononablackboard。

J。

StuartBlacktonwaspossiblythefirstAmericanfilm—makertousethetechniquesofstop—motionandhand-drawnanimation.Introducedtofilm-makingbyEdison,hepioneeredtheseconceptsattheturnofthe20thcentury,withhisfirstcopyrightedworkdated1900。

Severalofhisfilms，amongthemTheEnchantedDrawing（1900）andHumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces（1906）werefilmversionsofBlackton’s"lightningartist”routine，andutilizedmodifiedversionsofMéliès'earlystop—motiontechniquestomakeaseriesofblackboarddrawingsappeartomoveandreshapethemselves.’HumorousPhasesofFunnyFaces'isregularlycitedasthefirsttrueanimatedfilm,andBlacktonisconsideredthefirsttrueanimator。

AnotherFrenchartist，ÉmileCohl,begandrawingcartoonstripsandcreatedafilmin1908calledFantasmagorie.Thefilmlargelyconsistedofastickfiguremovingaboutandencounteringallmannerofmorphingobjects,suchasawinebottlethattransformsintoaflower。

Therewerealsosectionsofliveactionwheretheanimator'shandswouldenterthescene。

Thefilmwascreatedbydrawingeachframeonpaperandthenshootingeachframeontonegativefilm，whichgavethepictureablackboardlook.ThismakesFantasmagoriethefirstanimatedfilmcreatedusingwhatcametobeknownastraditional（hand—drawn）animation.

FantasmagoriebyEmileCohl,1908

FollowingthesuccessesofBlacktonandCohl，manyotherartistsbeganexperimentingwithanimation。

OnesuchartistwasWinsorMcCay，asuccessfulnewspapercartoonist，whocreateddetailedanimationsthatrequiredateamofartistsandpainstakingattentionfordetail。

Eachframewasdrawnonpaper；whichinvariablyrequiredbackgroundsandcharacterstoberedrawnandanimated。

AmongMcCay'smostnotedfilmsareLittleNemo（1911），GertietheDinosaur（1914）andTheSinkingoftheLusitania（1918）。

Theproductionofanimatedshortfilms，typicallyreferredtoas”cartoons”，becameanindustryofitsownduringthe1910s，andcartoonshortswereproducedtobeshowninmovietheaters.ThemostsuccessfulearlyanimationproducerwasJohnRandolphBray，who，alongwithanimatorEarlHurd，patentedthecelanimationprocesswhichdominatedtheanimationindustryfortherestofthedecade。

ElApóstol（Spanish:

”TheApostle”）wasa1917Argentineanimatedfilmutilizingcutoutanimation,andtheworld'sfirstanimatedfeaturefilm.

Traditionalanimation（alsocalledcelanimationorhand-drawnanimation）wastheprocessusedformostanimatedfilmsofthe20thcentury。

Theindividualframesofatraditionallyanimatedfilmarephotographsofdrawings,whicharefirstdrawnonpaper.Tocreatetheillusionofmovement，eachdrawingdiffersslightlyfromtheonebeforeit。

Theanimators’drawingsaretracedorphotocopiedontotransparentacetatesheetscalledcels，whicharefilledinwithpaintsinassignedcolorsortonesonthesideoppositethelinedrawings.Thecompletedcharactercelsarephotographedone—by-oneontomotionpicturefilmagainstapaintedbackgroundbyarostrumcamera。

Anexampleoftraditionalanimation，ahorseanimatedbyrotoscopingfromEadweardMuybridge’s19thcenturyphotos

Thetraditionalcelanimationprocessbecameobsoletebythebeginningofthe21stcentury。

Today，animators'drawingsandthebackgroundsareeitherscannedintoordrawndirectlyintoacomputersystem.Varioussoftwareprogramsareusedtocolorthedrawingsandsimulatecameramovementandeffects。

Thefinalanimatedpieceisoutputtooneofseveraldeliverymedia，includingtraditional35 mmfilmandnewermediasuchasdigitalvideo。

The"look"oftraditionalcelanimationisstillpreserved，andthecharacteranimators’workhasremainedessentiallythesameoverthepast70years。

Someanimationproducershaveusedtheterm”tradigital”todescribecelanimationwhichmakesextensiveuseofcomputertechnology.

ExamplesoftraditionallyanimatedfeaturefilmsincludePinocchio（UnitedStates,1940）,AnimalFarm（UnitedKingdom，1954）,andAkira（Japan,1988）。

TraditionalanimatedfilmswhichwereproducedwiththeaidofcomputertechnologyincludeTheLionKing（US,1994）SentoChihironoKamikakushi（SpiritedAway）（Japan,2001），andLesTriplettesdeBelleville（France,2003）。

Fullanimationreferstotheprocessofproducinghigh—qualitytraditionallyanimatedfilms,whichregularlyusedetaileddrawingsandplausiblemovement.Fullyanimatedfilmscanbedoneinavarietyofstyles，frommorerealisticallyanimatedworkssuchasthoseproducedbytheWaltDisneystudio（BeautyandtheBeast，Aladdin,LionKing）tothemore'cartoony'stylesofthoseproducedbytheWarnerBros.animationstudio.ManyoftheDisneyanimatedfeaturesareexamplesoffullanimation，asarenon—DisneyworkssuchasTheSecretofNIMH（US,1982）,TheIronGiant（US,1999），andNocturna（Spain,2007）.

Limitedanimationinvolvestheuseoflessdetailedand/ormorestylizeddrawingsandmethodsofmovement。

PioneeredbytheartistsattheAmericanstudioUnitedProductionsofAmerica,limitedanimationcanbeusedasamethodofstylizedartisticexpression,asinGeraldMcBoingBoing（US，1951），YellowSubmarine（UK，1968）,andmuchoftheanimeproducedinJapan.Itsprimaryuse,however,hasbeeninproducingcost—effectiveanimatedcontentformediasuchastelevision（theworkofHanna-Barbera，Filmation,andotherTVanimationstudios）andlatertheInternet（webcartoons）。

Rotoscopingisatechnique，patentedbyMaxFleischerin1917,whereanimatorstracelive-actionmovement，framebyframe.Thesourcefilmcanbedirectlycopiedfromactors'outlinesintoanimateddrawings,asinTheLordoftheRings（US,1978）,orusedinastylizedandexpressivemanner，asinWakingLife（US，2001）andAScannerDarkly（US,2006）。

Someotherexamplesare:

FireandIce（USA，1983）andHeavyMetal（1981）。

Live-action/animationisatechnique，whencombininghand-drawncharactersintoliveactionshots.OneoftheearlierusesofitwasKokotheClownwhenKokowasdrawnoverliveactionfootage。

OtherexampleswouldincludeWhoFramedRogerRabbit（USA，1988），SpaceJam（USA,1996）andOsmosisJones（USA，2002）。

AshortgifanimationofEarth

Computeranimation

2Danimation

2Danimationfiguresarecreatedand/oreditedonthecomputerusing2Dbitmapgraphicsorcreatedandeditedusing2Dvectorgraphics.Thisincludesautomatedcomputerizedversionsoftraditionalanimationtechniquessuchasof,interpolatedmorphing，onionskinningandinterpolatedrotoscoping。

2Danimationhasmanyapplications,includinganalogcomputeranimation,FlashanimationandPowerPointanimation.Cinemagraphsarestillphotographsintheform