产业集群中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

产业集群中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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产业集群中英文对照外文翻译文献

产业集群中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

英文:

HowdoIndustryClustersSuccess:

ACaseStudyinChina’sTextilesandApparelIndustries

3.IndustryClustersofTextilesandApparelinChina

IndustrialclusteringisanewphenomenoninChina.Onlyafewresearchstartedtopayattentiontoitinthe1990s.Wang（2001）describedthedevelopmentofsomeclustersinthecoastalregionsofChina,anddiscussedtheircharacteristics,includingtheirlocalizednetwork.Heparticularlyexaminedtheimpactofaccidentalfactorontheformationofclusters,andpointedoutthatthestrengthoftheimpactdependedonthecongruenceofthesectorchoice,broughtaboutbytheaccidentalfactor,withthenaturaladvantagesoftheregionandtherightnessofthepolicydecisionofthelocalgovernment.Thus,theimportanceofgovernmentwasemphasized.

Thefirsttieroftheclustersexistedinthelate1970sandearly1980s,whenChinawasfirstopentotheoutsideworld.Takingtheadvantagesofproximityandlowlaborcost,manyHongKongtextileandapparelcompaniesinvestedinPearlRiverdelta,andthereappearedafewclustersoftextileandapparelfirms.Theseclustersgrewfast,asnewinvestmentsalsocamefromTaiwanandotherplaces,andmanylocalentrepreneursemergedaswell.TheseclustersincludeShenzhen（thoughlatermuchdilutedasitisnowoneofthelargestcitiesinChina）,Dongguan（similartoShenzhenbuttoalessdegree）,Humen,Shaxi,andothers.

Closelyfollowingthis,theeconomyinYangtzeRiverdeltadevelopedfastandbecameverydynamic.Manyenterprisesofcollectiveownershipandofprivateownershipestablishedandgrewveryfast.Manyofthemweretextileandapparelfirms.Itwastypicalthatthesefirmsclusteredtogether.Severalreasonsaccountfortheirfastgrowth:

First,theentrybarriertothetextileandapparelindustrywasverylowintermsofcapitalandtechnology.Forexample,atthebeginning,onlyonemanuallyoperateddevicetoknitsocksorjustafewsewingmachineswereneeded.Atthesametime,therewasalmostendlesssupplyofcheaplabor,whowerefarmerseagertoleavetheland.Astheenterprisesexpanded,someshrewdentrepreneursluredtechniciansandskilledlaborswhowereretiredfromstate-ownedenterprisestoworkforthem.Thesefirmsweremostlocatedintowns.Thegovernmentgrantedveryflexiblepoliciesforthegrowthandoperationofthesefirms.Theyweremuchlessrestrictedbytheclumsyrulesandregulationsthanthestate-ownedenterprises,forexample,theydidnothavetoofferthesocallediron-bowltotheiremployees,andtheyhadnoburdenofpaymentstoretiredemployees.Ontheotherhand,thesefirmswereverysensitiveandresponsivetomarketchanges.Thus,theywereverycompetitive.Second,atthattimeChinawasjustabouttocomeoutoftheplannedeconomywhentherewasinsufficientsupplyofalmosteverything.Thus,therewasneveralackofstrongdemandforsuchconsumergoodsastextilesandapparel.Alongwiththis,littlemarketingandmarketingskillswereneededtoselltheproducts.Third,asthesefirmswerestartedbyfarmer-entrepreneursintownsandevenvillages,theysetexamplesandbecamemodelstoothers.Manytimesthelatterjustfollowedthefootprintsofthepioneers,startingwiththesamemethods,makingthesameproducts,andsellinginthesamemarket.Asvillagersoftenbelongtothesamefamily,theydidnotvieweachotherascompetitors,andhelpedeachotherintermsofcapital,technique,andevencustomersthroughthestrongsenseofkinship.

Thesefirmsweretheseedsoftheindustrialclustersoftextilesandapparel.Nowmostoftheclustersstilldistributedinthetwoareas:

PearlRiverdeltaandYangtzeRiverdelta.TheformerisGuangdongprovince,andthelatterZhejiangprovinceandsouthernpartofJiangsuprovince.ThesehappentobethemostadvancedregionsinChina,incoastalarea,withthebestinfrastructureininformation,communication,andtransportation.Asamatteroffact,mostoftheclustersarelocatedeitherbesideahighwayorveryclosetoaport.Theyarealsoveryclosetomajorcities,particularlyHongKong,Guangzhou,andShanghai.

AtpresentthestructuraldevelopmentofthetextileandapparelindustryofChinaischaracterizedintwodirections:

oneisagroupoflargecompaniesbasedinlargecitieswithcapacityinmarketingandproductdevelopment,oftenoperatingsupplychainregionallyevenglobally;theotherisanumberofclustersofmanysmallandmediumsizedfirmsbasedinsmallcitiesandtowns,withfeaturedproductsandvigorousgrowth（CNTIC,2003）.Thus,industrialclusteringhasbecomeoneofthetwowingsofthedevelopmentofthetextileandapparelindustryinChina.Thisdemonstratestheimportanceoftheclusters.

4.CaseObservation

Weconductedanindustrysurveyinoneindustrialcluster,whichisatown,calledShengze,locatedinWujiangcountyofJiangsuprovinceineasternChina.WhileShengzehadanearlyhistoryofsilkproduction,itwasprimarilyofagriculturebeforethelate1970swhenChinastartedeconomicreforms.Atthattime,thesizeofthetownwasabout4squarekilometerswithapopulationof30,000.Sincethen,thetownhasseenenormousgrowthandbecomeoneofthe19townswithspecialfeaturesdesignatedbyCNTIC,andoneofthemostimportanttextileclustersinChina.ThefocusofShengzeisfabricmanufacturing,primarilylightweightedfabricsforliningofapparel.Nowthesizeofthetownhasexpandedto25squarekilometerswithapopulationofnearly200,000,mostofthemmigrantsfromotherpartsofthecountry.Thereareabout1,100factories,operatingabout50,000looms,allofwhichareofwater-jetorair-jet.Itissaidtobeoneofthelargestconcentrationofsuchlooms.ThetotalyearlyoutputisaboutRMB20billion（US$2.5billion）.Thereareabout4,000sellingandbuyingofficeslocatedinthetown.Thebusinessdistrictofthetownisfullofsuchoffices,whichwouldimpressanyvisitorstothetown.Andthereisnosignofstoppingofthefastgrowth.

Thisisaqualitativeandexploratorystudy,andin-depthinterviewswithtownofficialsandentrepreneurswereusedtocollectinformationabouttheindustrialcluster.Altogether3townofficials（VicePartySecretaryofthetown,DirectorofTheTownGovernmentOffice,andDirectorofTheTownDevelopmentOffice）and8entrepreneurswereinterviewedbystructuredmeans.Duringtheinterviews,inadditiontothecurrentsituationofthecluster,thehistoryofdevelopmentwasalsoinvestigated.Emphaseswerepaidtothefollowingquestions:

howistheclusterformed;towhatdegreedoestownshipgovernmentplayarole,andtowhatdegreedomarketforcespromotetheclustering;whatistheadvantagesofclusteringtothelocalityandtotheenterprises;whataretheinteractiverelationshipamongtheenterpriseswithinthecluster;whatistherelationshipbetweentheclusterandtheexternalmarketsystem;howdoestheclusterattracttheservicingindustries;andhowdoestheclusteringhelpthecreationofnewenterprisesandnewjobs.Thesequestionshaveprofoundpolicyandmarketingimplications.Someofthefindingstothesequestionsarepresentedinthispaper,withafocusontheoriginandgrowthofthecluster.

4.1.Historicalfactors

Inaccordancewiththeliterature（Krugman,1986）,thedevelopmentofShengzeintoalight-fabricclusterwasaccidental,butonheotherhandquitenaturalwithahistoricalreason.LocatedinsouthernChinawithwarmclimate,fertilelandandabundantwaterfromnearbyriversandlakes,ShengzehadbeenoneofthesilkcentersinChinaforhundredsofyears.Historically,residentsofShengzewereskillfulinsilkproduction,andmanyworkshopsandsilk-relatedbusinesseswerelocatedinShengze.MerchantsfromalloverthecountrywouldflocktoShengzeforsilk.Thus,itcouldberegardedasasilkclustereventhen.However,asplannedeconomywasestablishedandnoprivatebusinesswasallowedtoexist,thesilkcenterwasreducedtonothingandShengzewasnomorethananordinaryagriculturaltowninChina.Thiswasforabout3decadesuntilthelate1970s.Bythen,economicreformsbegan,andtownresidentswereallowedtostarttheirownbusinesses.Forafewofthem,thenaturalchoicewastoenterthesilkbusiness,sincethiswassomethingtheywererelativelyfamiliarwithandthelocalconditionsweresuitablefor.Thiswastheoriginofthecluster.

4.2.TheRoleoftheLocalAuthority

Whiletheoriginseemedtobenaturalandoutoftheplanofthelocalgovernment,thegovernmentdidplayanimportantroleinhelpingtheclustergrow.Bothgovernmentofficialsandentrepreneursemphasizedtheimportanceoftwomeasurestakenbythelocalauthority.

Thefirstonewastheestablishmentofamarketinitsphysicalform.TheShengzegovernmentwassensitivetorealizethatthelackofamarkethadbecometheconstraintonthedevelopmentoftheeconomicactivitiesandaphysicalmarketwasindemand.Thegovernmentthenfinancedanddeveloped“TheOrientalSilkMarket”,whichwaslikeamartandleasedtovarioustradingfirms.Thisprovidedaplatform,andtremendouslystimulatedthegrowthofbusinessesbothindemandandsupply.Laterwhenthiswasnolongersufficienttoholdallofthebuyingandsellingoffices,anewdistrictwasdeveloped,whicheventuallyexpandedintoanareawhichholdsthousandsofsellingandbuyingoffices.

Theotherwastheestablishmentofanindustrialpark,whichisbesidetheprovincialhighway.Thegovernmentprovidedtheinfrastructureintermsofroad,water,electricity,andotherbasicconditions.Thishascreatedagoodenvironmentformanufacturing.Whileatthebeginning,Shengzewasonl