英语语言学导论.docx

英语语言学导论.docx

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英语语言学导论

CourseName:

IntroductiontoLinguistics

Sept.2012,forGrade2010Classes1-6

EnglishUndergraduateProgram

DepartmentofEnglish

SchoolofForeignLanguageStudies

NanchangUniversity（NCU）

CourseInstructor:

Prof./Dr.JIANG

Syllabus

CourseDescription:

ThiscourseaimsatprovidingundergraduatejuniorsofEnglishmajorwithafundamentalandsystematicaccountofthebasicknowledgeofthestudiesoflinguisticsatthemoderntimewithexplanations,illustrations,andnecessaryexamplesfromthecoursebookandalsofrompresentEnglishandChineselanguageuses,tohelpdevelopthestudents’interestinthisstudy,tofacilitatetheirunderstandingofthelinguistictermsandtheories,andtobuildasystematicknowledgeofthesaidstudy.

MajorBooksUsedforthisCourse:

1）Hu,Zhuanglin2006.Linguistics.ACourseBook（ThirdEdition）.BeijingUniversityPress,usedasstudents’coursebook.

2）Robins,R.H.1967/1997.AShortHistoryofLinguistics（4thedn）.London,NewYork:

Longman.

4）Yule,George.2000.TheStudyofLanguage.Beijing:

ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.

5）KeithBrownetal.（eds.）2006.EncyclopediaofLanguageandLinguistics（2ndedn）,Oxford:

Elsevier.

6）Collinge,N.E.（ed.）2005.AnEncyclopaediaofLanguage.London,NewYork:

Routledge.

7）Strazny,Philipp（ed.）2005.AnEncyclopediaofLinguistics.NewYork,Oxon:

FitzroyDearborn.

8）Wikipedia.http:

//www.wikipedia.org/

9）EncyclopaediaBritannica.2007.theelectroniceditioncanbeaccessibleontheinternet.

CourseRequirements:

1）Attentivelistening,activeparticipation,quicknote-takingandunderstanding,nicepresentationinclassandalltherelatedactivities

2）Completepreview,in-classandafter-classassignments

3）Passthefinalexamination

CourseSchedule:

1）GeneralIntroduction

2）Chapter1—Designfeatures,origin,andfunctionsoflanguage

3）Chapter1—Mainbranches,macro-linguistics,andimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

4）Chapter2—Phoneticstudies

5）Chapter2—Phonologicalstudies

6）Chapter3—WordandFormation

7）Chapter3—Word/lexicalchanges

8）Chapter4—Syntacticrelation,construction,andfunction

9）Chapter4—Grammaticalcategories,phrasingandbeyond

10）Chapter5—Meaningandsenserelation

11）Chapter5—Meaninganalyses

12）Chapter8—Pragmatics

（1）

13）Chapter8—Pragmatics

（2）--Post-Griceandevelopments

14）Chapter11—Linguisticsandforeignlanguageteaching

15）Summary

Lecture1

GeneralIntroduction:

ModernLinguisticsandEarlierLinguisticStudies

Inthislecture,weshallmakeageneralintroductiontothedevelopmentofmodernlinguisticsandthelinguisticstudiesbeforethat.Thestudentswillgetageneralview/pictureofthedevelopments,themainlinguisticschools,andtheirstudiesthroughattendingthislecture.

1.Leadingin:

Whatdoesyourminddomostofthetime?

Orwhatdoyoudomostofthetimeinyourlifeincludingthedreamingtimewhenyousleep?

Whatisyourmajor?

WhatisEnglish?

Languageiswhatyouusemostofthetimeinyourlifeandisalsoyourmajor.Sinceyouarelanguagemajors,verylikelyyouwilluseitforyourfuturework.Whynotlearnaboutitthen?

Whatislanguage?

Whatdoesitcover?

…Thesearethequestionsforlinguistics.

2.ThebeginningofMODERNlinguistics:

1916—

（Q1.Whendidmodernlinguisticsbegin?

）

1）Thefirstmodernlinguisticapproach

a.The“fatherofmodernlinguistics”--FerdinanddeSaussure索绪尔（1857-1913）

（Q2.Whowasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?

）

b.Thefirstmodernlinguisticbook“ACourseonGeneralLinguistics”（1916）.《普通语言学教程》Saussure’stwostudentspiecedtheirnotestakenfromattendingtheirteacher’slecturesandgotitpublishedin1916/Englishversionin1959.

（Q3.Whatwasthefirstmodernlinguisticbook?

）

（Q4.Whopublishedit?

）

2）Whyisit“modern”?

Becauseofthescientificviewsandtheresearchmethodsintroducedinthisbook.Eg.Languageisasystemofsigns.Languagehasasoundsystemandameaningsystem.Languagehasassociativerelationandparadigmaticrelation.

（Q5.Inwhatsenseisitcalleda“modern”linguisticbook?

）

3.WhathappenedbeforeSaussure?

Sometraditionalapproachestolanguage—therearethreesuccessivephasesbeforeSaussure’stime

（Q6.Whoweretheearliestscholarsoflanguage?

Whatdidtheystudy?

）

1）TheGreekresearchersandtheirstudies--“TraditionalGrammar”wasinstituted;

Basedonlogic;

Aimingsolelyatprovidingrules;

Distinguishingcorrectfromincorrectforms;

Classicstudy,philosophical,logical,meaning.

（Q7.WhatwerestudiedaboutlanguageduringtheMiddleAges?

）

2）TheresearchesduringtheMiddleAges--Philosophy

Alexandria,the“philosophical”school,religious,literary,linguistic;

Linguisticstructureisnotthecentralconcern,butmeaningis;

Seekingprimarilytoestablish,interpretandcommentupontexts;

Applyingthemethodofcriticism;

Comparisonoftextsofdifferentperiodsandofdifferentwriters;

Data—writtenlanguage,exclusivelyGreek&Romanantiquity

Prescriptivegrammar;

Pavedthewayforhistoricallinguistics.

（Q8.Whatwerethetwoestablishmentsinthe19thcentury?

）

3）Linguisticresearchesduring1800-1900--“Comparativegrammar”

a.Theestablishmentoflinguisticfamilytrees—

TheIndo-EuropeanFamilyTree印欧语系

TheSino-TibetanFamilyTree汉藏语系,etc

*In1816,“TheSanskritConjugation（动词变位）System”byFranzBoppwasastudyoftheconnectionsbetweenSanskrit（梵文）,Germanic,Greek,Latin,andotherEuropeanlanguages.TheprimitiveelementsthatSanskritmaintainedarevitalforthepurposesofreconstructionofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.

b.TheestablishmentoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）国际音标andthepublicationin1888,basedonFrenchteachers’practiceofteachingLatinandsomeotherrelatedlanguages.

Laterrepresentatives—MaxMüller,G.Curtius,A.Schleicher;

Historicalandcomparative,etymological（语源学的）;

Comparativistschoolwasthedominatingstudyofthetime.

3.Whatdoesmodernlinguisticscover?

1）Saussureandhisstudy:

thefirststructuralistapproach

2）PragueSchool布拉格学派

Theleadingfigure—V.Mathesius马泰休斯（1882-1946）;

Flourishedduring1920s-30s;

Mainstreamstructuralism;synchronic;

Approachlanguagestructurallyandfunctionally—form-functionalapproach;

FollowedbothPolishB.deCourtenay（库尔特内）andSwissF.deSaussure;

Firstfunctionalist;

FoundedtheInternationalFunctionalLinguisticAssociation1976;

Distinguishedcontributions:

a）Establishedthetheoryofphonology;distinguishedbetweenphoneticsandphonology;developedphonologyasanindependentstudyin1939;

b）Mathesius’functionalanalysisofsentencecomponents—veryclosetothepresentdivisionofgiven/newortheme/rheme,functionalsyntacticanalysis.

3）AmericanStructuralism/Alsocalleddescriptivelinguistics美国结构主义/美国描写语言学

DevelopedindependentlyfromtheanthropologicalstudiesbyAmericanscholarssuchasBoas,Sapir,etc.；

Therepresentativefigure—LeonardBloomfield布龙菲尔德（1887-1946）,hisLanguage《语言论》（1933）；

Flourishedduring1930s-1950s；

Structuralandbehavioral；

Majorfocus—syntacticanalysis；

Contribution—ICanalysis（immediateconstituentanalysis）

4）TheChomskianapproach

Theleadingfigure—NoamChomsky乔姆斯基（1928--）;

Influentialduring1960s-1980s;

Formalapproach,deepstructure/surfacestructure;NPVP;

Psychological;wewerebornwithLAD（languageacquisitiondevice）;

Innateness;

Majorfocus—syntax;

Contributions—a.PhraseStructureTheory;

b.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar.

5）LondonSchool伦敦学派

Leadingfigures:

a.Malinowsky马林诺夫斯基（1884-1942）—anthropologist;

b.Firth弗斯（1890-1960）the1stprofessorofGeneralLinguisticsinGreatBritain;

c.M.A.K.Halliday韩礼德（1925--）Systemic-FunctionalGrammar;

Influentialfromthe1980s;

Functionalapproachandanthropological;

Majorfocus—meaninginsocietyandfunctionalgrammar;

Contribution—functionalanalysis

6）CognitiveLinguistics:

anewperspectiveonhowlanguageisused;howweviewtheworldandexpressitinlanguage;howlanguagetellsdifferentcognitionofthesameworldinwhichhumanbeingslive.

Leadingfigures:

R.Langacker兰盖克;G.Lakoff拉可夫;

M.A.K.Halliday（partly）;

N.Chomsky（partly）

7）ComputationalLinguistics:

abranchoflinguisticsabouthowtoteachcomputertoreceive,comprehend,produceandtranslatenaturallanguages.Itreflectshumanambition.

4.Homework:

1）Gooverthequestionsdiscussed.

2）Preview1.1--1.5ofChapter1.

3）Whatislanguagedefinedbydifferentpeople?

Whatislinguistics?

Howdoesasoundcometohavemeaning?

Lecture2

DesignFeatures,OriginandFunctionsofLanguage

Inthissection,weshallmainlydiscusssomeimportantfeaturesandfunctionsoflanguage.Aswidelydiscussed,therearefourfeaturesandsevenmainfunctions.

（Q9.Whatislinguistics?

p14.Whatislanguage?

p3.）

1.Checkstudents’homeworkorallyinclass;askthemtogivesomepresentation;offerthemsomedifferentdefinitions（cf.EssentialsofLinguisticspp.1&14）;underlinethekeywordsinthedefinitions;explainthemonebyonewithexamplesfromEnglishandChinesetofacilitatetheirunderstandingandmemorizing.

1）“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.---

Itisasystemsincelinguisticelementsarearrangedsystematicallyratherthanrandomly.Itisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenawordandtheobjectitrefersto.Itissymbolicbecausewordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Itisvocalbecausesoundorspeechistheprimarymediumforahumanlanguage.Itishumaninthatnootheranimalspossesssuchlanguage.”

2）“Modernlinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.---

Itstudiestherul