托福阅读精选阅读真题长难句50句汇编.docx

托福阅读精选阅读真题长难句50句汇编.docx

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托福阅读精选阅读真题长难句50句汇编

【托福阅读】精选阅读真题长难句50句

　　1、Laterexperimentsinwhichresearchersplayedrecordingsofsongstoyoung

　　birdsshowedjusthowprecisethisinfluencewas,manyofthemwouldlearn

　　theexactpatternoftherecordingtheyhadheard.

　　2、Thecrudesongofabirdrearedinisolationgivessomecluesastowhatthis

　　roughideamaybethelength,thefrequencyrangeandthebreakingupinto

　　notesareallaspectsofchaffinchsongsharedbetweennormalbirdsand

　　thoserearedinisolation.

　　3、Whateverthenatureofthelearningrulesinaparticularspecies,thereisno

　　doubtthattheyareeffective,itisveryunusualtohearawildbirdsinginga

　　songwhichisnottypicalofitsownspeciesdespitethemanydifferentsongs

　　whichoftenoccurinasmallpatchofwoodland.

　　4、Chemicalanalysisofbonesenablesarchaeologiststodeterminethe

　　proportionofmeattovegetablefoodsinthedietbymeasuringtheproportion

　　ofcalciumtostrontiuminancientbonebecausestrontiuminplaceofcalcium

　　inbonescomesprimarilyfromingestedplants.

　　5、Eachdwellinghadadifferentarrangementofthegiantbones,whichcame

　　fromtheskeletonsoflong-deadanimalsretrievedfromthesurroundingarea

　　byoccupantsofthesite,notfromanimalstheyhadrecentlyhunted.

　　6、Inaprecedent-settingdecision,theFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission

　　orderedthedamremovedafterconcludingthattheenvironmentaland

　　economicbenefitsofafree-flowingriveroutweighedtheelectricitygenerated

　　bythedam.

　　7、Builtnearlyacenturyagotoprovidepowertolumberandpapermillsinthe

　　townofPortAngeles,thesedamsblockedaccesstoupstreamspawningbeds

　　forsixspeciesofsalmononwhatoncewasoneofthemostproductive

　　salmonriversintheworld.

　　8、TheHetchHetchyDaminYosemiteNationalParkmightbetakendownto

　　revealwhatJohnMuir,thefounderoftheprestigiousenvironmental

　　organizationSierraClub,calledavalley“justasbeautifulandworthyof

　　preservationasthemajesticYosemite.”

　　9、Achancecollisionbetweentwocomets,orthegravitationalinfluenceofone

　　oftheJovianplanets—Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,andNeptune—may

　　occasionallyaltertheorbitofacometintheseregionsenoughtosenditto

　　theinnersolarsystemandintoourview.

　　10、ThesecometsappeartobedistributedinalldirectionsfromtheSun,forming

　　asphericalshellaroundthesolarsystem,calledtheOortcloud,afterthe

　　DutchastronomerJanOort.

　　11、Afterthearrivalofhunter-gatherersinthesouthwesternregionofNorth

　　America,severalalternativetypesofagricultureemerged,allinvolving

　　differentsolutionstotheSouthwest’sfundamentalproblem:

howtoobtain

　　enoughwatertogrowcropsinanenvironmentinwhichrainfallissolowand

　　unpredictablethatlittleornofarmingispracticedtheretoday.

　　12、ThatfateactuallybefelltheMimbres,whostartedbyfarmingthefloodplain

　　andthenbegantofarmadjacentlandabovethefloodplainastheir

　　populationcametoexceedthefloodplain’scapacitytosupportit.

　　13、However,whendroughtconditionsreturned,thatgambleleftthemwitha

　　populationdoublewhatthefloodplaincouldsupport,andMimbressociety

　　collapsedsuddenlyunderthestress.

　　14、Onemorestrategywastoplantcropsatmanysiteseventhoughrainfallwas

　　locallyunpredictableandthentoharvestcropsatwhicheversitesdidget

　　enoughraintoproduceagoodharvestandtoredistributesomeofthe

　　harvesttothepeoplestilllivingatallthesitesthatdidnothappentoreceive

　　enoughrainthatyear.

　　15、Sanitationproblemscausedbylarger,moresedentarypopulationswould

　　havehelpedtransmitdiseasesinhumanwaste,aswouldtheuseofanimal

　　dungforfertilizer.

　　16、Theincreaseinmanyofthesecamenotonlyfromthefactthatfewerpeople

　　weredyingfrominfectiousdiseaseandwerelivinglongerbutalsofromthe

　　resultsofmodernlifestylesindevelopedcountriesandamongtheupper

　　classesofdevelopingcountries–amoresedentarylifeleadingtoless

　　physicalactivity,morestress;environmentalpollution,andhigh-fatdiets.

　　17、Thisevolutionmayhavebeenencouragedbywhatsomeauthoritiesconsider

　　ouroveruseofantibiotics,givingmicroorganismsagreaterchancetoevolve

　　resistancebyexposingthemtoaconstantbarrageofselectivechallenges.

　　18、Therefore,onmanyreefsitisthefast-growing,branchingcoralsthat

　　ultimatelydominateattheupper,shallowerportionofthereef,whereas

　　moremassiveformsdominateindeeperareas.

　　19、Thefactthatalmostallsmallinvertebratesonreefsaresowellhiddenor

　　highlycamouflagedisanotherindicatorofhowprevalentpredationison

　　reefsanditsimportanceindeterminingreefstructure.

　　20、Finally,theyneedreliablemethodsofstoragebecause,whereplantfoods

　　cannotprovideadietarysafetynet,planninghastobepreciseanddetailed

　　toensurethatthereisenoughtotidethemoverinperiodsofshortage.

　　21、Coinsalsoprovideavaluablesourceofwrittenrecords:

theycanreveal

　　informationaboutthelocationwheretheyarefound,whichcanprovide

　　evidenceabouttradepracticesthere,andtheirinscriptionscanbe

　　informativeabouttheissuingauthority,whethertheywerecity-states（asin

　　ancientGreece）orsolerulers（asinImperialRomeorinthekingdomsof

　　medievalEurope）.

　　22、Thegreatriskwithhistoricalrecordsisthattheycanimposetheirown

　　perspectivesothattheybeginnotonlytosupplytheanswerstoour

　　questionsbutsubtlytodeterminethenatureofthosequestionsandevenour

　　conceptsandterminology.

　　23、NotallbotanistsagreewithanAfrican-SouthAmericancenterforthe

　　evolutionanddispersaloftheangiosperms,pointingoutthatmanyofthe

　　mostprimitiveformsoffloweringplantsarefoundintheSouthPacific,

　　includingportionsofFiji,NewCaledonia,NewGuinea,easternAustralia,and

　　theMalayArchipelago.

　　24、Toelaborate,beforetheeighthcentury,theelitemarriagepractice,which

　　wasanimportantinstrumentofpoliticalalliancemaking,hadencouraged

　　rulerstomaintainmultiplepalaces:

thatoftheirownfamilyandthoseoftheir

　　spouses,whocommonlyremainedatorneartheirnativefamilyheadquarters,

　　atleastforsomeyearsaftermarriage.

　　25、Nearlyfivebillionyearsago,someexternalinfluence,suchasashockwave

　　travelingfromacatastrophicexplosion（supernova）,mayhavetriggeredthe

　　collapseofthishugecloudofgasesandminutegrainsofheavierelements,

　　causingthecloudtobegintoslowlycontractduetothegravitational

　　interactionsamongitsparticles.

　　26、Nearlyfivebillionyearsago,someexternalinfluence,suchasashockwave

　　travelingfromacatastrophicexplosion（supernova）,mayhavetriggeredthe

　　collapseofthishugecloudofgasesandminutegrainsofheavierelements,

　　causingthecloudtobegintoslowlycontractduetothegravitational

　　interactionsamongitsparticles.

　　27、Steadyoverseasdemandforcolonialproductscreatedaprosperitythat

　　enabledcoloniststoconsumeever-largeramountsnotonlyofclothingbutof

　　dishware,homefurnishings,tea,andarangeofotheritemsbothproducedin

　　BritainandimportedbyBritishandcolonialmerchantsfromelsewhere.

　　28、Suchmaterialsasironandnickelandtheelementsofwhichtherock-forming

　　mineralsarecomposed—silicon,calcium,sodium,andsoforth—formed

　　metallicandrockyclumpsthatorbitedtheSun.

　　29、Thisactwasintendedlesstoraiserevenuethantoserveasaprotectivetariff

　　（tax）thatwouldbenefitBritishWestIndiansugarproducersattheexpense

　　oftheirFrenchrivals.

　　30、ParliamentusedBritishtaxmoneytopaymodestincentivestoAmericans

　　producingsuchitemsassilk,iron,dyes,hemp,andlumber,whichBritain

　　wouldotherwisehavehadtoimportfromothercountries,anditraisedthe

　　priceofcommercialrivals’importsbyimposingprotectivetariffsonthem.

　　31、Theconceptofchromaticadaptationwasproposedin1883;andthe

　　hypothesiswasacceptedforabout100years,untilitwasrealizedthatsuch

　　zonationdidnotnecessarilyoccurandthatthedistributionofseaweeds

　　dependedmoreonherbivory（theconsumptionofplantmaterial）,

　　competition,varyingconcentrationofthespecializedpigments,andtheability

　　ofseaweedstoaltertheirformsofgrowth.

　　32、First,demandfornewsincreasedasEurope’scommercialandpolitical

　　interestsspreadaroundtheglobe—merchantsinLondon,Liverpool,or

　　Glasgow,forexample,cametodependonearlynewsofCaribbeanharvests

　　andgainsandlossesincolonialwars.

　　33、Industrieswithhighconcentrationsofemploymentinurbanareas,wherea

　　worker’schangeofemployerdoesnotnecessarilyrequireinvestingina

　　changeofresidence,appeartohavehigherratesofjobturnoverthan

　　industriesconcentratedinnonmetropolitanareasdo.

　　34、Someresearchers,forexample,havearguedthataparticularkindofpottery,

　　calledRameyincised（whichisincisedwithfiguresofeyes,fish,arrows,and

　　abstractobjectsandwasusedbythepeopleintheareaofpresent-day

　　MissouriandIllinoisataboutA.D900）,wasprimarilyusedtodistributefood

　　butwasalsousedtocommunicatetheideathatthesociety’selite,forwhom

　　thepotsweremade,weremediatorsofcosmicforces.

　　35、Thereareseverallimitingfactors,butresultsfromarecentexperiment

　　suggestthatinareasoftheoceanwhereothernutrientsareplentiful,iron

　　maybeoneofthemostimportantand,untilrecently,unrecognizedvariables

　　controllingphytoplankton