六级阅读.docx

六级阅读.docx

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六级阅读

2007-6

Youheartherefrainallthetime:

theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?

Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent（富裕的）SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.

TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.

ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwould beunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”

It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseis standingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.

Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.

Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian（乌托邦式的）possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.

Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity（肥胖症）.Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.

Shouldwebesurprised?

Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:

thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

52. WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?

A）Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.

B）Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.

C）Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.

D）Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.（B）

53. AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.

A）publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpected

B）thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil

C）theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression

D）materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety（D）

54. Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?

A）Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

B）Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.

C）Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.

D）Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.（A）

55. WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”（Line3,Para.5）?

A）Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.

B）Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.

C）PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.

D）Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.（D）

56. WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A）Renewedeconomicsecurity.

B）Asenseofself-fulfillment.

C）Newconflictsandcomplaints.

D）Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.（C）

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theuseofdeferential（敬重的）languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly（谨言慎行）intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.

Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic（语言的）ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.

YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.

ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

57. Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.

A）thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomen

B）theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapan

C）thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamilies

D）thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow（B）

58. Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?

A）Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.

B）Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.

C）Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.

D）Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.（B）

59. Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?

A）Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.

B）Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.

C）Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.

D）Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.（D）

60. AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.

A）mayleadtochangesinsocialrelations

B）hasbeentrueofallpastgenerations

C）isviewedasasignoftheirmaturity

D）isaresultofrapidsocialprogress（A）

61. TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.

A）asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturation

B）anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchange

C）oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsociety

D）aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday（C）

2007-12

Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.

LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned（示意）mebackwithhisfingerminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.

Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon（勤杂工）plentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.

OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalle