逻辑大全笔记Text B.docx
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逻辑大全笔记TextB
写在前面:
粉色是正确答案,黄色是我做得答案,如果题目中只有黄色,说明那个是正确答案。
1.Belowisanexcerptfromaletterthatwassentbythechairmanofacorporationtothestockholders.
Anumberofchargeshavebeenraisedagainstme,someserious,sometrivial.Individualsseekingtocontrolthecorporationfortheirownpurposeshavedemandedmyresignation.Rememberthatnocourtoflawinanystatehasfoundmeguiltyofanycriminaloffensewhatsoever.IntheAmericantradition,asyouknow,anindividualisconsideredinnocentuntilprovenguilty.Furthermore,asthecorporation’sunbrokensix-yearrecordofgrowthwillshow,myconductofmyofficialdutiesaschairmanhasonlyhelpedenhancethesuccessofthecorporation,andsobenefitedeverystockholder.
Whichofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromtheexcerpt?
(A)Thechairmanbelievesthatallthosewhohavedemandedhisresignationaremotivatedbydesiretocontrolthecorporationfortheirownpurposes.
(A选项是文中第一句红字部分的逆命题,所以不一定能inferfrom…)
(B)Anymisdeedsthatthechairmanmayhavecommittedweremotivatedbyhisdesiretoenhancethesuccessofthecorporation.
(文中并没有能支持他的话)
(C)Thechairmanisinnocentofanycriminaloffense.
(文中只是说,没有法院能证明他是有罪的,所以是courtoflawconsiderchairmaninnocent,而chairmen不一定是innocent)
(D)Thecorporationhasexpandedsteadilyoverthepastsixyears.
(unbroken是持续的,不间断的;steadily是逐步的,稳步的,可视为同义替换)
(E)Anylegalproceedingsagainstthechairmanhaveresultedinhisacquittal.
(文中并没有说过chairmen被确认有罪,何来acquittal(无罪释放),而且any这个极端词用的没有根据)
补充一位NN对D的解释:
D项为何成立?
美国人的思维是这样的:
原文中说thecorporation’sunbrokensix-yearrecord 有可
就是过去的连续6年(也有可能不是)他们想问题不需要充分性觉得“有这个可能性”就行了我们
思维是:
原文只说是连续6年又没说是连续哪六年因此不选这种思维方式在GMAT中不能有。
By
NOmoreTears
2.IntheyearssincethecityofLondonimposedstrictair-pollutionregulationsonlocalindustry,thenumberofbirdspeciesseeninandaroundLondonhasincreaseddramatically.Similarair-pollutionrulesshouldbeimposedinothermajorcities.
EachofthefollowingisanassumptionmadeintheargumentaboveEXCEPT:
(A)Inmostmajorcities,air-pollutionproblemsarecausedalmostentirelybylocalindustry.
(关键在这个almost上,取非:
…air-pollutionproblemsarenotcausedalmost…就是说air-pollutionproblems不完全是localindustry造成的;这句话就说明了,localindustry是造成airproblems的一部分原因,所以没有办法削弱结论)
(B)Air-pollutionregulationsonindustryhaveasignificantimpactonthequalityoftheair.
(取非,空气法规对空气质量没有明显的影响,削弱。
)
(C)Theair-pollutionproblemsofothermajorcitiesarebasicallysimilartothoseoncesufferedbyLondon.
(取非,其他城市的空气问题和伦敦的问题基本不相同;如果是这样,怎么能推出其他城市也应该实行这个法规,削弱。
)
(D)Anincreaseinthenumberofbirdspeciesinandaroundacityisdesirable.
(取非,鸟类的数量增长不是令人满意的事。
削弱)
(E)TheincreasedsightingsofbirdspeciesinandaroundLondonreflectanactualincreaseinthenumberofspeciesinthearea.
(取非,观察到的鸟类数量上升不能反映真实的上升,明显削弱)
思路:
London对localindustry实施了严厉的空气污染(处罚)法规,于是鸟的数量就上升了,所以其他城市也应该实行这个法规。
假设题就是选取非后能削弱结论的选项。
3.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?
Inopposinggovernmentregulationofbusiness,conservativesoftenappealtotheJeffersonianidealoflimitedgovernment,expressingthewishthatgovernmentwould“getoffthebacksoftheAmericanpeople.”Yet,paradoxically,manyofthesesameconservativesaddressquestionsofprivatemorality,suchasthosedealingwithsexualbehavior,bycallingfor______
(A)areturntotherestrictivesexualmoralityoftheVictorianera
(B)astrengtheningoftheroleofthefamilyinsettingmoralnormsforsociety
(C)alimitationontheamountofsexuallyprovocativematerialappearinginbooks,motives,andtelevisionshows
(D)greaterfreedomforindividualstochoosetheirownwayofhandlingsexualissues(E)
(E)anincreasedgovernmentalroleintheregulationandcontrolofprivatesexualbehavior
(原文说道,保守党希望政府不要过多的干预人民的生活(getsoffthebacksoftheAmericapeople),然后转折YET,说明后面是一些产生矛盾的话,即,保守党同时希望政府加大力度去管制另外一些问题,E选项就是这样的。
)
Questions4-5arebasedonthefollowing:
Inanexperiment,twodifferenttypesofrecordedmusicwereplayedforneonatesinadjacentnurseriesinahospital.InnurseryA,classicalmusicwasplayed;innurseryB,rockmusicwasplayed.Aftertwoweeks,itwasfoundthatthebabiesinnurseryAcriedless,sufferedfewerminorailments,andgainedmoreweightthandidthebabiesinnurseryB.
4.Inevaluatingthevalidityoftheconclusionsuggestedbytheexperimentabove,itwouldbemostimportanttoknowwhichofthefollowing?
(A)Themusicalpreferencesoftheparentsofthetwogroupsofnewborns
(B)Whetherthenewbornsinbothnurserieswereequallyhealthyandhappyatthestartoftheexperiment
(根据题干,可以认为这题是个前提条件题目;那么两个实验是否能支持结论,关键就在于他们在
验开始时是不是一样的样本(即B选项的意思);如果一开始不同,那么后面产生的不同就不能得出
论)
(C)Whetherloudrockmusiccandamagethehearingofnewborns
(D)Whattheaverageweightoftheneonateswasbeforeandaftertheexperiment(B)
(E)Whetherthemusicwasplayedinthenurseriesatalltimesoronlyatcertaintimes
5.Whichofthefollowingadditionalexperimentaldatawouldsupportthehypothesisthatclassicalmusicisbeneficialtothedevelopmentofnewborn?
(A)TheneonatesinanurserywherenomusicwasplayedfaredbetterthanthoseinnurseryB.
(B)NurseryAcontained15percentmoreprematurebabiesthannurseryB.
(C)ThenewbornsinnurseryAcriedless,sufferedfewerminorailments,andgainedmoreweightthandidnewbornsinanurserywithnomusic.
(题干部分的意思是,古典音乐真的对新生儿好吗?
光有A组和B组的对比,只能说明古典比roc
对婴儿来说更好。
要想知道古典音乐是不是真的好,需要用A组和没有听音乐的婴儿比较)
(D)ThemusicplayedinnurseryAwaslouderthanthatplayedinnurseryB.(C)
(E)TheratioofnursestonewbornsinnurseryBwas1to4;innurseryA,itwas1to6.
补充:
其他四个选项中,A选项是,B组和对照组对比。
B,D,E都是A\B两组比较
6.TheancientcityofCephesawasnotburiedbyaneruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.310,assomebelieve.Theeruptionintheyear310damagedthecity,butitdidnotdestroyit.CephesasurvivedforanothercenturybeforeitfinallymetitsdestructioninanothereruptionaroundA.D.415.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheauthor’sclaimthatthecityofCephesawasnotburiedbytheeruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.310?
(A)ThecityofCephesaismentionedinahistoricalworkknowntohavebeenwritteninA.D.400.
(陷阱:
C城市可以先destroyin310,然后再被historicalwork写下)
(B)CoinsbearingtheimageofanemperorwholivedaroundA.D.410havebeendiscoveredintheruinsofCephesa,whichwerepreservedbythecindersandashesthatburiedthecity.
(C)GeologicalevidenceshowsthattheeruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.415depositeda10-foot-thicklayeroflavaonthecityofCephesa.
(完全无关的选项,10-foot-thicklayeroflava和Ccity到底有没有在310年被埋,没有关系)
(D)ArtworksfromthecityofCephesahavebeenfoundintheruinsofanothercityknowntohavebeendestroyedinA.D.420.
(陷阱:
同样的,Ccity可以先在310年被埋了,画是其他人在310年之前带离了Ccity,随
再另一城市被发现)
(E)AhistoricalworkwritteninA.D.430referstotheeruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.415.
(超出文中范围,没有意义的回答,根本没有提及Ccity)
7.JuneistallerthanKristin.
LettyistallerthanMaria.
MariaisshorterthanNancy.
KristinandNancyareexactlythesameheight.
Iftheinformationaboveistrue,whichofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?
(A)LettyistallerthanNancy.(L和N都比M高,无法比较)
(B)LettyistallerthanJune.(没有办法比较)
(C)KristinisshorterthanLetty.(L比M高,N=K比M高,所以L和K无法比较)
(D)JuneistallerthanMaria.(J>K=N>M)
(E)KristinisshorterthanMaria.(N和K一样比M都高,错误)
思路:
J>K;L>M;M8.Currentfarmpolicyisinstitutionalizedpenalizationofconsumers.Itincreasesfoodpricesformiddle-andlow-incomefamiliesandcoststhetaxpayerbillionsofdollarsayear.
Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,wouldprovidesupportfortheauthor’sclaimsabove?
I.Farmsubsidiesamounttoroughly$20billionayearinfederalpayoutsand$12billionmoreinhigherfoodprices.
(支持foodprice的上升)
II.AccordingtoastudybytheDepartmentofAgriculture,each$1ofbenefitsprovidedtofarmersforethanolproductioncostsconsumersandtaxpayers$4.
(支持花了纳税人很多钱)
III.Theaveragefull-timefarmershaveanaveragenetworthofover$300,000.
(无关选项)
(A)Ionly
(B)IIonly
(C)IIIonly
(D)IandIIonly(D)
(E)I,II,andIII
思路:
政策对顾客是惩罚性的,有两个结果;1)foodpriceincreases2)costtaxpayerbillionsayear
9.Reva:
Usingextraneousincentivestogetteenagerstochangetheirattitudetowardschoolandschoolworkwon’twork.TaketheprograminWestVirginia,forinstance,wheretheytriedtoreducetheirdropoutratebyrevokingthedrivinglicensesofkidswholeftschool.Theprogramfailedmiserably.
Anne:
It’struethattheWestVirginiaprogramfailed,butmanyschoolshavedevisedincentiveprogramsthathavebeenverysuccessfulinimprovingattendanceandreducingdisciplineproblems.
AccordingtoAnne,theweakpointinReva’sclaimisthatit
(A)failstoconsiderthepossibilitythatthemajorityofpotentialdropoutsinWestVirginiadonothavedrivinglicenses
(B)doesn’tprovideanyexactfiguresforthedropoutrateinWestVirginiabeforeandduringtheprogram
(C)ignoresasubstantialbodyofevidenceshowingthatparentsandemployershavebeenusingextrinsicincentiveswithpositiveresultsforyears
(D)assumesthatapositiveincentive—aprizeorareward—willbenomoreeffectivethananegativeincentive,liketherevokingofadrivinglicense(E)
(E)isbasedonasingleexample,theincentiveprograminWestVirginia,whichmaynotbetypical
思路:
Reva认为extraneousincentives是无效的,因为WestVirginia的惨痛失败的经验。
Anne就举了另外的一些反例,尽管WV的措施失败了,还有很多其他的措施在别的地方成功了。
所以Reva的weakpoint就在于,以偏概全,即E选项表达的意思。
10.Inmanysurveys,Americanconsumershaveexpressedawillingnesstospendupto10percentmoreforproductsthatareecologicallysound.Encouragedbysuchsurveys,Bleach-OCorporationpromotedanewlaundrydetergent,Ble