词汇学课本练习答案.docx

词汇学课本练习答案.docx

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词汇学课本练习答案

Unit1

2.HowdidtheNormanConquestandtheRenaissanceinfluencetheEnglishvocabulary?

Thetransitionalperiod〔转型时期〕fromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish（ME1100----1500）,whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturematters,whichinfluencedEnglishindailylife.

TheEnglishlanguagefrom1500tothepresentiscalledModernEnglish.IntheearlystageofthisperiodtheRenaissance〔文艺复兴〕broughtgreatchangetothevocabulary.Therenewed〔复兴的〕studyofGreekintheRenaissancenotonlyledtotheborrowingofGreekwordsindirectlythroughthemedium〔媒介〕ofLatin,butalsoledtotheintroductionofsomeGreekwordsdirectlyintoEnglishvocabulary.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords,（page4~5）

3.Enumeratethecausesfortherapidgrowthofneologisms〔新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者〕afterWorldWarⅡ.Givefourexamplesforeachcause.

①markedprogressofscienceandtechnology.Example:

toblastoff（炸掉，炸毁）,tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad

②socio-economic〔社会经济〕,politicalandculturalchanges.Example:

roller-hockey,surfriding,skydiving〔跳伞运动〕,disignatedhitter

③theinfluencefromotherculturesandlanguages〔page6~7〕Example:

cosmonaut,discotheque〔小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅〕,ombudsman〔调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员〕,apartheid〔种族隔离〕.

4.Whatarethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstock〔词库〕oftheEnglishvocabulary?

（1）.Nationalcharacter（全民通用性）：

Wordsofthebasicwordstockbelongtothepeopleasawhole,nottoalimitedgroup.

（2）.Stability〔稳定性〕:

Aswordsinthebasicwordstockdenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.However,acertainnumberofOldEnglishwordshavedroppedoutofthebasicwordstock,whilenewwordshavejoinedtherankofbasicwords,followingsocialandtechnologicalchanges.

（3）.Word-formingability（构词）：

Basicwordsareveryactiveinformingnewwords.

（4）.Abilitytoformcollocations〔搭配能力〕：

Basicwordscombinereadilywithotherwordstoformhabitualexpressionsandphrases.

Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.（Page10paragraph4,5,7,8andPage11paragraph2）

5.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheEnglishvocabularyasaresultofitshistoricaldevelopment?

ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishlanguageshowsthatEnglishisaheavyborrower;ithasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguage,especiallyfromLatin,FrenchandGreek.〔page18.〕

6.WhydowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary?

First,becausethenativewordsformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Andthebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.

Second,theymakeupthemostfamiliar,mostusefulpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.SowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglishvocabularyforitsimportance.〔Page10paragraph2,andPage19paragraph2〕

7.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?

（1）Commonorpopularwordsarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.ThegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords.Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.Theyarestylistically（在文体上）neutral,andhencetheyareappropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeech.（Page11paragraph6）

（2）Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevated〔升高的，提高的，崇高的〕style,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.（Page12paragraph1）

Chapter2

Q1:

Explainthefollowingtermsandprovideexample:

a.Morphemic形位

b.Allomorph形位变体

c.freeandboundmorphemic

d.hybrid混合词

Morphemic:

thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Example:

nation（page21,paragraph2,line1）

Allomorph:

anyofthevariantformsofamorphemicasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Example:

books,pigs.（page22,paragraph3,line4）

Freemorphemic:

onethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Example:

man，read，faith（page23,paragraph2,line1To2）

Boundmorphemic:

cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance表达;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorphemic.Example:

unkind（page23,paragraph2,line4）

Hybrid:

awordmadeupofelementsformtwoormoredifferentlanguage.Example:

goddess,rewrite.（page27,paragraph2,line4）

Q2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffixes?

P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾

Inflectionalaffixes〔屈折词缀〕arerelatedtogrammaronly.Derivationalaffixes〔派生词缀〕aresubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,whicharerelatedtotheformationofnewwords.Roots,prefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.arethebuildingblockswithwhichwordsareformed.

Thenumberofderivationalaffixes,althoughlimited,ismuchlargerthanthatofinflectionalaffixes.

Q3:

Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixes派生词缀classified?

p26

Derivationalaffixesareclassifiedinprefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.

Q4:

Howarewordsclassifiedonthemorphemic〔语素的〕level?

P29paragraph5

Onthemorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedintosimple,complexandcompoundwords〔复合词〕.

ChapterIII

ⅠExplain

1、（p32）Word-formationrules:

Therulesofword-formationdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords

2、Root,stemandbase.Analyzetheworddenationalizedintoroot,baseandstem.

Denationalized

①Root：

nation

②stem：

denationalize

③base：

nationalized

ⅡCompounding

1、Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?

（p35-p36）①Orthographiccriterion

②Phonologicalcriterion

③Semanticcriterion

ⅢDerivation

1、Whatisderivation?

（p42-p43）Derivationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orbothtoanalreadyexistingword.

2、Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?

Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthebase,buttheydonotgenerallyalteritsword-class.Everyprefixhasaspecificmeaningofitsown;prefixesarethereforeclassifiedaccordingtotheirmeanings.

Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.Suffixesfrequentlyaltertheword-classofthebase.Therefore,suffixesareclassifiedaccordingtotheclassofwordtheyformintonoun-formingsuffixes,verb-formingsuffixes,etc（p66）

3、Howarethemajorlivingprefixesclassified?

Giveafewexamplestoillustrateeachkind.

〔P44〕Themajorlivingprefixesareclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning:

1）negativeprefixes（un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-）.eg,unhappy,nonhero,injustice,disadvantage,atypical〕

2）reversativeorprivativeprefixes〔un-,de-,dis-〕.eg,unwrap,decentralize,disunite

3）prejorativeprefixes（mis-,mal-,pseudo-）.eg.mistrust,maltreat,pseudo-science

4）prefixesofdegreeorsize（arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-）eg,archbishop，supercurrenthyperactive,outlive,ultra-conservative

5）prefixesofattitude（co-,counter-,antic-,pro-）eg,cooperation,anti-nuclear,pro-student,counterpart

6）locativeprefixes（super-,sub-,inter-,trans-）eg.Subarctic,superacid,transcode

7）prefixesoftimeandorder（fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-）forehead,reconsider,prereading,post-war

8）numberprefixes（uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,multi-/poly-）multi-purpose,monocle,bi-media

4、Howcanyouformdeverbalnouns,denominalnouns,deadjectiveverbs,anddenominaladjectivesbysuffixation?

〔P50〕answer：

1〕deverbalnounsuffixes:

verb-nounsuffixes,suchas–erinwriter,-eeinemployee,-ationinexploitationand–mentindevelopment.

2）denominalnounsuffixes:

noun–nounsuffixes,suchas–hoodinboyhood,-shipinscholarship,-letinbooklet,and–dominstardom.

3）deadjectiveverbsuffixes:

adjective–verbsuffixes,suchas–ifyinsimplify,-izeinmodernize,and–eninquicken

4）denominaladjectivesuffixes:

noun–adjectivesuffixes,suchas–fullinhelpful,-lessinlimitless,-yinsilkyand–ishinfoolish.

5、Givethemeaningofthefollowingwordsandanalyzethestructureofeachword:

〔P51〕answer:

1）adrivermeansapersonwhodrives

2）alightermeansamachineusedforlightering

3）agardenermeansapersonwhogarden

4）aNewYorkermeansapersonfromNewYork

5）avillagermeansinhabitantofvillage

6）adineris‘adiningcarriageonatrain’

7）aliferis‘slang.Apersonsentencedtoimprisonmentforlife

8）adressermeans

Analyse:

asfor1、2、3,affixedtoaverb,thesuffixformsagentnounswiththemeaningof‘onewhoperformsanaction’asfor4、5，thisaffixmayalsobejoinedtothemeansofcities,countries,andtootherplacenames.asfor6、7、8colloquialandslangy.

ⅣConversion

1、whatisthedifferencebetweenconversion〔此类转化法〕andsuffixation〔加后缀〕?

（P55介绍conversion的第一段）：

Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzero-derivation.

e.g.bottle（n.）----bottle（v.）,buy（v.）----buy（n.）,tutor（n.）----tutor（v.）〔例子也可以举其他的如attack〕

（P49介绍Suffixation的第一段）：

Suffixation:

It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.e.g.boyn.+-ish--boyishadj.boyn.+hood--boyhoodn.

2、Inaconversionpair,howcanyoudeterminewhichofthetwoisthebaseandwhichthederivedword（派生词）?

〔P56中间三个