工程造价毕业论文外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx

工程造价毕业论文外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx

《工程造价毕业论文外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《工程造价毕业论文外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

•second,determiningwhetherresultantprojectcostsarereasonableparedtoprojectswithessentiallythesamequalityparameters.

"

Quality"

enpassesthedurabilityofbuildingsystemsandfinishes;

therobustnessandlife-cycleperformanceofbuildingsystems;

theaestheticsofmaterials,theirposition,andtheirdetailing;

andtheresource-sustainabilityandefficiencyofthebuildingasanoverallsystem.

OverallGoalsandQualityStandards

UCIrvine,inordertosupportdistinguishedresearchandacademicprograms,buildsfacilitiesofhighquality.Assuch,UCIrvine’sfacilitiesaimtoconveythe"

lookandfeel,"

aswellasembodytheinherentconstructionquality,ofthebestfacilitiesofotherUCcampuses,leadingpublicuniversities,andotherresearchinstitutionswithwhomwepeteforfaculty,students,sponsoredresearch,andgeneralreputation.

Since1992,newbuildingshavebeendesignedtoachievethesefivebroadgoals:

1.Newbuildingsmust"

createaplace,"

ratherthanconstitutestand-alonestructures,formingsocial,aesthetic,contextually-sensitiverelationshipswithneighboringbuildingsandthelargercampus.

2.Newbuildingsreinforceaconsistentdesignframeworkofclassicalcontextualarchitecture,appliedinwaysthatconveyafeelingofpermanenceandqualityandinterpretedinwaysthatmeetthecontemporaryandchangingneedsofamodernresearchuniversity.

3.Newbuildingsemploymaterials,systems,anddesignfeaturesthatwillavoidtheexpenseofmajormaintenance<

definedas>

1percentofvalue>

fortwentyyears.

4.Newbuildingsapply"

sustainability"

principles--notably,outperformingTitle24<

California’senergycode>

byatleast20percent.

5.Capitalconstructionprojectsaredesignedanddeliveredwithinthe

approvedprojectbudget,scope,andschedule.

UCIrvine’sgoalsforsustainablematerialsandenergyperformancewereadoptedpartlyforenvironmentalreasons,andpartlytoreversesubstantialoperatingbudgetdeficits.

Thelatterproblemsincludedamulti-milliondollarutilitiesdeficitthatwasgrowingrapidlyintheearly‘90s,andmillionsofdollarsofunfundedmajormaintenancethatwasemergingprematurelyinbuildingsonly10-20yearsold.Withoutthequalityandperformancestandardsadoptedin1992,utilitiesdeficitsandunfundedmajormaintenancecostswouldhaveexceeded$20millionduringthepastdecade,andthesecostswouldstillberisingout-of-control.

UCIrvine’smaterialsstandards,buildingsystemsstandards,sustainabilityandenergyefficiencycriteria,andsiteimprovementsalladdcostincrementsthatcanonlybeaffordedthroughaggressivecostmanagement.Institutionsthatcannotmanagecapitalcoststendtobuildprojectsthatconsumeexcessiveenergy,thatcostalottomaintain,thatsufferprematuremajormaintenancecosts,andthatrequirehighcoststomodify.Suchproblemstendtopoundandspiraldownwardintoincreasinglycostlyconsequences.

Everyadministratorwithfacilitiesexperienceunderstandsthisdynamic.Withouteffectiveconstructioncostmanagement,qualitywouldsufferandUCIrvinewouldexperiencealloftheseproblems.

Thebalanceofthisdocumentoutlinesingreaterdetailthebuildingperformancecriteriaandqualitystandardsgenerallystatedabove,organizedaccordingtobuildingsystemsponentclasses.Eachsectiondiscusseskeycost-drivers,cost-controlstrategies,andimportantcosttrade-offs.Designpracticescitedareconsistentlyapplied<

althoughsomefallshortofhardandfast"

rules"

>

.

BuildingOrganizationandMassing

Constructioncostmanagementstartswiththefundamentalsofbuildingorganizationandmassing.UCIrvine’snewstructures’floorplatestendtohavelength-to-widthratios<

1.5,toavoidtriggeringdisproportionatecostsofexternalcladding,circulation,andhorizontalmechanicaldistribution.Ournewbuildingstendtobeatleastthreefloors

high--talleriffloorplateareasdonotdipbelowacost-effectivethreshold,andgenerallytallerinthecaseofnon-laboratorybuildings<

butnotsotallthatahigh-risecostpenaltyisincurred>

.Otherdesignratiosareobserved,suchasexteriorcladdingarea/floorarea<

0.5,androof+foundationarea/floorarea<

0.4.

Architecturalarticulationisgenerallyachievedthroughtexturedorenrichedmaterials,integralmaterialdetailing<

suchasconcreterevealpatterning>

andapplieddetailing<

e.g.,2windowframesandsills>

particularlyatthebuildingbase.Large-scalearticulationisconcentratedattheroofline<

e.g.,shapedroofforms>

andatthepedestrianlevel<

e.g.,arcades>

whereitwill"

createthebiggestbangforthebuck,"

ratherthanthroughmodulatingthebuildingform,itself.Thisismorethanasubtledesignphilosophy,asthecostimpactissubstantial.

Labbuildingspletedinthepastdecadeseparatelaboratoryandnon-laboratoryfunctionsintodistinct,adjoinedstructures<

althoughsuchabuildingmaylooklikeonestructure>

.Consolidatednon-laboratoryfunctionsincludefaculty,departmental,staff,post-doc,andgraduatestudentoffices;

restrooms;

circulation<

elevators,lobbies,primarystairways>

;

classrooms,seminarrooms,conferencerooms,andsocialareasdesignedto

fosterinteractionandtoprovideasafeareaforeatinganddrinking;

drylabsanddrylabsupportfunctions;

andgeneraladministrativesupport.

Consolidatingthesefunctionsintoaseparatestructureprovidesconsiderablecostsavings:

lower-costHVAC<

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning>

system,widercolumnspacing,lowerfloorstiffness<

lessstringentvibrationcriterion>

lowerfloor-loading,fewerfire-controlfeaturesandothercoderequirements,steel-framedorsteel/concretehybridstructuralsystemwithconcreteflat-slabflooringsystem,smallerfootings,and<

typically>

curtainwallfenestration.Thisapproachusuallyenablesofficestohaveoperablewindows.

Thistwo-buildingapproachcanbeseenclearlyatGillespieNeurosciencesBuilding,theSpragueBuilding,HewittHall,andtheUCIMedicalCenterHealthSciencesLaboratory,whereconsolidatingandseparatingnon-laboratoryfunctionssaved7-10percentinoverallconstructioncostsand15percent/yearinenergyexpense.<

Thenon-laboratorybuildingincursasmallfractionoftheenergyexpenseofthelaboratoryblock.>

Asetofdesignstrategies,appliedinbination,hasproveneffectiveincontrollingthecostoflaboratories:

•Utilizingaconsistentlabmodule

•Utilizingareasonablevibrationcriterionandlocatingultra-sensitiveconditionsat-gradeoremployingbenchtopvibrationisolation

•Using22ft.X22ft.column-spacing

•Concentratingfumehoodsandutilityrisersintoacentral"

wetzone,"

thus

limitinghorizontalmechanicaldistribution

•Concentratinglaboratorysupportareasintothecentralcoreofalaboratory

structure,whereutilitiesareavailablebutdaylightisnotneeded,thusenabling

labstructurestobe110-132feetwide

•Utilizingdual-usagecirculation/equipmentcross-corridorsthroughthiscentrallabsupportzone,withsufficientwidth<

typically11feet>

tolinethecorridorswithsharedequipmentwhileprovidingcross-circulationthroughthelabsupportzone

•Utilizingopenlaboratorylayoutwithoneormore"

ghost"

corridorsforintralabcirculation

•And,mostimportantly,concentratingnon-laboratoryfunctionsintoanadjoining,lower-coststructure<

asdiscussedindetailabove>

Tofurthercontrollaboratoryconstructioncosts,non-standardfumehoodsizesareminimized,"

generic"

labcaseworkisspecified,laboratory-grademovabletablessubstituteforfixedcaseworkinsomelabbays,buildingDIsystemsprovideintermediatewaterquality<

withlocalizedwaterpuritypolishinginthelab,ratherthanbuilding-wide>

facility-widepipedservicesdonotincludegasesthatcanbecost-effectivelyprovidedlocallyviacanisters,andglass-washfacilitiesareconsolidated--typically,oneglasswashfacilityforanentirelaboratorybuilding.

Finally,ourdesignphilosophyleanstowardgeneric,modularlaboratoriessupportedbyarobustbuildinginfrastructure,ratherthanhighlycustomizedspaceswithlimitedcapacitytomakelaterchanges.Thisisanimportanttradeoff.Althoughsomepost-occupancyexpensesmaybenecessaryto"

fine-tune"

alaboratorytoaPI’srequirements,buildinginfrastructureelements–typicallyoversizedtwentypercent,includingHVACsupplyducts,exhaustsystemcapacity,emergencygeneratorcapacity,andelectricrisersandservicecapacity–seldomlimittheabilitytomodifylabstomeetresearcherneeds.

StructuralandFoundationSystems

Forbothcost-benefitreasonsandpastseismicperformance,UCIrvinefavorsconcreteshearwallorsteelbraced-framestructuralsystems.Thecorrelatingfoundationsystemsdependonsite-specificsoilconditions.Pastproblemswithundiscoveredsubstratesanduncharacterizedsoilconditionsareminimizedthroughextensive,pre-designsoil-testing.ThisminimizesrisktoboththeUniversityandthedesign/buildcontractor.

Whenfeasible,design/buildcontractorsareallowedflexibilitytoproposealternatestructuralorseismic-forcesystems.Allstructuralsystemdesignsmustpassapeerreview,accordingtoRegents’policy.Thisprocessresultsinconservativestructuraldesign,andanassociatedcostpremium.