亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案03doc.docx

亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案03doc.docx

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亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案03doc

CHAPTER3

COVERAGEOFLEARNINGOBJECTIVES

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE

FUNDAMENTALASSIGNMENTMATERIAL

CRITICALTHINKINGEXERCISESANDEXERCISES

PROBLEMS

CASES,

NIKE10K,

EXCEL,COLLAR.,&INTERNETEXERCISES

LO1:

Explainstep-andmixed-costbehavior・

Al,Bl

26,30,31,

32

43,44,4&55

59,61,62

LO2:

Explainmanagementinfluencesoncostbehavior.

27,37

43

56,60

LO3:

Measureandmathematicallyexpresscostfunctionsandusethemtopredictcosts.

28,33,34,35,

38

39,40,41

42

43,45,50

52,54,55

60,62

LO4:

Describetheimportanceofactivityanalysisformeasuringcostfunctions・

A2，B2

46,49

57,59

LO5:

Measurecostbehaviorusingtheengineeringanalysis,accountanalysis,high-low,visual-fit,andleast-squaresregressionmethods.

A3,B3

29,33,34,3&

39

40,41,42

47,50,51

52,53,55

5&62

CHAPTER3

MeasurementofCostBehavior

3-Al（20-25min.）Someoftheseanswersarecontroversial,andreasonablecasescan

bebuiltforalternativeclassifications.Classdiscussionoftheseanswersshouldleadtoworthwhiledisagreementsaboutanticipatedcostbehaviorwithregardtoalternativecostdrivers.

1.（b）Discretionaryfixedcost.

2.（e）Stepcost.

3.（a）Purelyvariablecostwithrespecttorevenue.

4.（a）Purelyvariablecostwithrespecttomilesflown.

5.（d）Mixedcostwithrespecttomilesdriven.

6.（c）Committedfixedcost.

7.（b）Discretionaryfixedcost.

8.（c）Committedfixedcost.

9.（a）Purelyvariablecostwithrespecttocasesof7-Up.

10.（b）Discretionaryfixedcost.

11.（b）Discretionaryfixedcost.

3・A2（25-30min.）

1.Supportcostsbasedon60%ofthecostofmaterials:

SignASign

旦

Directmaterialscost$400$200

Supportcost（60%ofmaterialscost）$240$120

Supportcostsbasedon$50perpowertooloperation:

SignASign

旦

Powertooloperations36

Supportcost$150$300

2.Iftheactivityanalysisisreliable,byusingthecurrentmethod,EvergreenSignsispredictingtoomuchcostforsignsthatusefewpowertooloperationsandispredictingtoolittlecostforsignsthatusemanypowertooloperations.Asaresultthecompanycouldbelosingjobsthatrequirefewpowertooloperationsbecauseitsbidsaretoohigh-itcouldaffordtobidlessonthesejobs.Conversely,thecompanycouldbegettingtoomanyjobsthatrequiremanypowertooloperations,becauseitsbidsaretoolowgivenwhattheHtrueHcostswillbe,thecompanycannotaffordthesejobsatthoseprices.Eitherway,thesignbusinesscouldbemoreprofitableiftheownerbetterunderstoodandusedactivityanalysis.EvergreenSignswouldbeadvisedtoadopttheactivityanalysisrecommendation,butalsotocloselymonitorcoststoseeiftheactivityanalysispredictionsofsupportcostsareaccurate.

3・A3（25-30min.）

1.High-LowMethod:

Hours

Highmonth=SeptemberLowmonth=MayDifference

SupportCost

Machine

$13,500

9,000

$4.500

1,750

850

900

Variablecostpermachinehour=ChangeincostmChangeincostdriver

=$4,500^900=$5.00

Fixedsupportcostpermonth=Totalsupportcost・Variablesupportcost

Atthehighpoint:

=$13,500・$5.00x1,750

=$13,500・$&750

二$4,750

oratthelowpoint:

=$9,000・$5.00x850

=$9,000・$4,250

二$4,750

2.Thehigh-lowmethodusesthehighandlowactivitylevelstodeterminethecostfunction.SincethenewOctoberdataformachinehoursdoesnotchangeeitherthehighorlowleveltherewouldbenochangeintheanalysis.

3.Theregressionanalysisresultsdifferfromtheresultsofthehigh-lowmethod.Asaresult,estimatesoftotalsupportcostmaydifferconsiderablydependingontheexpectedmachinehourusage.Forexample,considerthefollowingsupportcostestimatesatthreelevelsofmachinehourusage（allwithintherelevantrange）:

MachineHourUsage

950Hours

1200Homs

1.450Houis

High-Low:

Fixed

$4,750

$4,750

$4,750

Variable:

$5.00x950

4,750

$5.00x1,200

6,000

$5.00x1,450

7,250

Total

$9・500

$10.750

$12.000

Regression:

Fixed

$3,355

$3,355

$3,355

Variable:

$6.10x950

5,795

$6.10x1,200

7,320

$6」Ox1,450

&845

Total

$9.150

$10,675

$12200

Becausethehigh-lowmethodhasalowervariablecostestimate,theregressionbasedpredictionsexceedthehigh-low-basedpredictionsathigherlevelsofmachineusage,whilethehigh-lowestimatesaregreateratlowerlevelsofusage.Thehigh-lowmethodusedonlytwodatapoints,sotheresultsmaynotbereliable.Fernandezwouldbeadvisedtousetheregressionresults,whicharebasedonallrelevantdata.

3-B1（20-25min.）

Thefollowingclassificationsareopentodebate.Withappropriateassumptions,otheranswerscouldbeequallysupportable.Forexample,in#2,thehealthinsurancewouldbeacommittedfixedcostifthenumberofemployeeswillnotchange.Thisproblemprovidesanopportunitytodiscussvariousaspectsofcostbehavior.Studentsshouldmakeanassumptionregardingthetimeperiodinvolved.Forexample,ifthetimeperiodisshort,sayonemonth,morecoststendtobefixed.Overlongerperiods,morecostsarevariable.Theyalsomustassumesomethingaboutthenatureofthecost.Forexample,consider#4.Repairsandmaintenanceareoftenthoughtofasasinglecost.However,repairsaremorelikelytovarywiththeamountofusage,makingthemvariable,whilemaintenanceisoftenonafixedscheduleregardlessofactivity,makingthemfixed・

Anotherimportantpointtomakeisthecost/benefitcriterionappliedtodetermining“true”costbehavior.Amanagermayacceptacostdriverthatisplausiblebutmayhavelessreliabilitythananalternativeduetothecostassociatedwithmaintainingdataforthemorereliablecostdriver.

3-B2（25-30min.）

BoardZ15

Board052

Mark-upmethod:

Materialcost

$40

$60

Supportcosts（100%）

$40

$60

Activityanalysismethod:

Manualoperations

15

7

Supportcosts（@$4）

$60

$28

Thesupportcostsaredifferentbecausedifferentcostbehaviorisassumedbythetwomethods.Iftheactivityanalysesarereliable,thenboardswithfewmanualoperationsareovercostedwiththemarkupmethod,andboardswithmanymanualoperationsareundercostedwiththemarkupmethod.

3-B3（25-30min.）

Variablecostpermachinehour=ChangeinRepairCostmChangeinMachineHours

=（P260,000,000-P200,000,000）m（12,000-8,000）

=Pl5,000permachinehour

Fixedcostpermonth=totalcost・variablecost

=P260,000,000・Pl5,000x12,000

=P260,000,000-Pl80,000,000

=P80,000,000permonth

or

=P200,000,000・Pl5,000x&000

二P200,000,000-Pl20,000,000

=P80,000,000permonth

3-1

Acostdriverisanyoutputmeasurethatisbelievedtocausecoststofluctuateinapredictablemanner.Forexample,directlaborcostsareprobablydrivenbydirectlaborhours;materialscostsareprobablydrivenbylevelsofproductoutput;andsupportcostsmaybedrivenbyavarietyofdrivers,suchasoutputlevels,productcomplexity,numberofdifferentproductsand/orparts,andsoon.

3-2Linearcostbehaviorassumesthatcostsbehaveasastraightline.Thislineisanchoredbyanintercept,orfixedcostestimate,andtotalcostsincreaseproportionatelyascostdriveractivityincreases-Theslopeofthelineistheestimateofvariablecostperunitofcostdriveractivity.

3-3Whethertocategorizeastepcosteitherasafixedcostorasavariablecostdependsonthe"size"ofthesteps（heightandwidth）andonthedesiredaccuracyofthedescriptionofstepcostbehavior.Ifthestepsarewide,coveringawiderangeofcostdriveractivity,thenwithineachrangethecostmayberegardedasfixed.Ifthestepsarenarrowandnottoohigh,withsmallchangesincost,thenthecostmayberegardedasvariableoverawiderangeofactivitylevel,withlittleerror.Ifthestepsarenarrowandhigh,coveringbigchangesincost,thenthecostprobablyshouldnotberegardedasvariable,sincesmallchangesinactivitylevelcanresultinlargechangesincost.

3-4Mixedcostsarecoststhatcontainbothfixedandvariableelements.Amixedcosthasafixedportionthatisusuallyacostpertimeperiod.Thisistheminimummixedcostperperiod.Amixedcostalsohasavariableportionthatisacostperunitofcostdriveractivity.Thevariableportionofamixedcostincreasesproportionatelywithincreasesinthecostdriver.

3-5Inordertoachievethegoalssetfortheorganization,managementmakescriticalchoices一choicesthatguidethefutureactivitiesoftheorganization.Thesechoicesincludedecisionsaboutlocations,products,services,organizationstructure,andsoon.Choicesaboutproductorserviceattributes（mix,quality,features,performance,etc.）,capacity（committedanddiscretionaryfixedcosts）,technology（capital/laborconsiderations,alternativetechnologies）,andincentives（standard-basedperformanceevaluation）cangreatlyaffectcostbehavior.

3-6Somefixedcostsarecalledcapacitycostsbecausethelevelsofthesefixedcostsaredeterminedbymanagement^strategicdecisionsabouttheorganization^expectedlevelsofactivities,orcapacity.

3-7Committedfixedcostsarecoststhatareoftendrivenbytheplannedscaleofoperations.Thesecoststypicallycannotbechangedeasilyorquicklywithoutdrasticallychangingtheoperationsoftheorganization.Typicalcommittedfixedcostsincludeleaseormortgagepayments,propertytaxes,andlong-termmanagementcompensation.Discretionaryfixedcostsarecoststhatmaybenecessarytoachievecertainoperationalgoals,buttherearenocontractualobligationstocontinuethesepayments.Typicaldiscretionaryfixedcostsincludeadvertising,researchanddevelopment,andemployeetrainingprog