基于单片机的指纹识别英文资料和中文翻译.docx
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基于单片机的指纹识别英文资料和中文翻译
英文资料及中文翻译
AhybridASICandFPGAArchitecture
FPGAisEnglishFieldProgrammableGateArrayabbreviation,namelythesceneprogrammablegatearray,itistheproductwhichinPAL,GAL,EPLDandsoonintheprogrammablecomponentfoundationfurtherdevelops.Itistookinthespecial-purposeintegratedcircuit(ASIC)domainonekindpartlyhascustom-made,bothsolveshashadcustom-madetheelectriccircuitwhichtheelectriccircuitappearstheinsufficiency,andhasovercometheoriginalprogrammablecomponentgatenumberlimitedshortcoming.
FPGAusedlogicalunitarrayLCA(LogicCellArray)thiskindofnewconcept,theinteriorincludinghasbeenpossibletodisposelogicalmoduleCLB(ConfigurableLogicBlock),outputloadmoduleIOB(InputOutputBlock)andinternalsegment(Interconnect)threeparts.TheFPGAessentialfeaturemainlyhas:
1)UsesFPGAtodesigntheASICelectriccircuit,theuserdoesnot
needtothrowthepieceproduction,canobtainthechipwhichcomesinhandy.--2)FPGAmaymakeotheralltohavecustom-madeorpartlytohavecustom-madetheASICelectriccircuittheexperimentalpreview.
2)TheFPGAinteriorhastherichtriggerandtheI/Opin.
3)FPGAisintheASICelectriccircuitdesignsthecycletobeshortest,thedevelopmentcostislowest,oneofrisksmallestcomponents.
4)FPGAisintheASICelectriccircuitdesignsthecycletobeshortest,thedevelopmentcostislowest,oneofrisksmallestcomponents.
5)FPGAusesthehighspeedCHMOScraft,thepowerlossislow,may
andCMOS,theTTLleveliscompatible.
Itcanbesaidthat,theFPGAchipisthesmallbatchsystemenhancesthesystemintegrationrate,oneofreliablebestchoices.FPGAisbydepositstheprocedureestablishesitsactivestatusininternalRAM,therefore,timeworkneedstocarryontheprogrammingtointernalRAM.Theusermayactaccordingtothedifferentdispositionpattern,selectsthedifferentprogrammingmethod.
Whenaddstheelectricity,theFPGAchipthedataread-ininternalprogramsEPROMinRAM,afterthedispositioncompletes,FPGAthrustbuild-up.Afterfallstheelectricity,FPGArestorestheunsolderedglass,internallogicrelationsvanishing,therefore,FPGAcanuserepeatedly.TheFPGAprogrammingdoesnotneedthespecial-purposeFPGAprogrammer,onlymustusegeneralEPROM,thePROMprogrammerthen.WhenneedstorevisetheFPGAfunction,onlymusttradepieceofEPROMthen.Thus,identicalpieceFPGA,thedifferentprogrammingdata,mayhavethedifferentelectriccircuitfunction.ThereforetheFPGAuseisextremelyflexible.FPGAhasmanykindsofdispositionpattern:
Parallelprincipal-mode-likeispieceofFPGAaddspieceofEPROMtheway;ThehostmaysupportpieceofPROMfromthepatterntoprogrammulti-pieceFPGA;TheserialpatternmayuseserialPROMtoprogramFPGA;TheperipheralpatternmayFPGAtakethemicroprocessortheperipheral,programsbythemicroprocessortoit.
Intheelectricalobservationandcontrolsystem,needstogathereachkindofsimulationquantitysignal,thedigitalquantitysignalfrequently,andcarriesoncorrespondingprocessingtothem.Intheordinarycircumstances,intheobservationandcontrolsystemwithordinaryMCU(forexample51,196
andsoonmonolithicintegratedcircuitsorcontrolDSP)ismaycompletethe
systemtask.。
Butwheninthesystemmustgatherthesignalquantityarespeciallymanywhen(isspeciallyeachkindofsignalquantity,conditionquantity),dependsonmerelywiththeordinaryMCUresourcesonoftenwithdifficultycompletesthetask。
Thistime,generallyonlycanadoptthemulti-MCUin-lineprocessingpattern,ordependsonotherchipexpansionsystemresourcestocompletethesystemthemonitorduty.Notonlydidthisincreasedthemassiveexteriorelectriccircuitsandthesystemcost,moreoverincreasedthesystemcomplexitygreatly,thusthesystemreliabilitycouldreceivecertaininfluence,thiswasnotobviouslythedesigneriswillingtosee.OnekindbasedontheFPGAtechnologysimulationquantity,digitalquantitygatheringandtheprocessingsystem,usesFPGAtheI/Oporttobemany,alsomayprogramthecontrolfreely,defineitsfunctionthecharacteristic,matchesbyVHDLthecompilationFPGAinteriorexecutionsoftware,cansolvegatheringsignalwaymanyproblemswell。
BecausecompileswithVHDLtheexecutionsoftwareinteriortoeachgroupofdigitalquantityisaccordingtotheparallelprocessing,moreovertheFPGAhardwarespeedisthenslevel,thisisaspeedwhichcurrentanyMCUallwithdifficultyachieved,thereforethissystemcomparedtoothersystemscanreal-time,monitorthesignalquantityfastthechange。
Thereforeintheconditionquantityspeciallymanymonitorsystem,thissystemwillbeabletodisplayownsuperiority.
Thepracticeprovedthat,DesignstheDDSelectriccircuitwithFPGAtousethespecial-purposeDDSchiptobemorenimble.Because,solongaschangesinFPGAtheROMdata,DDSmayhavetherandomprofile,thushasthequitebigflexibility。
Comparatively:
TheFPGAfunctionisdecidedcompletelybythedesigndemand,maycomplexalsobepossibletobesimple,moreovertheFPGAchipalsosupportsinthesystemscenepromotes,althoughhastheinsufficiencyslightlyintheprecisionandthespeed,butalsocansatisfytheoverwhelmingmajoritysystembasicallytheoperationrequirements.Moreover,insertstheDDSdesigninthesystemwhichconstitutestotheFPGAchip,itssystemcostcannotincreasehowmany,butpurchasesthespecial-purposechipthepriceistheformerverymanytimes.ThereforeusesFPGAtodesigntheDDSsystemtohavetheveryhighperformance-to-priceratio.
1ApplicationsEmergeforHybridDevices
ImplementationusinganASICapproachtypicallyyieldsafaster,smaller,andlowerpowerdesignthanimplementationinFPGAtechnology.Thegrowingrequirementsinthemarketplacefordesignflexibilityhowever,aredrivingtheneedforhybridASIC/FPGAdevices.Thepotentialtochangehardwareconfigurationinrealtime,tosupportmultipledesignoptionswithasinglemaskset,andtoprolongaproduct'susablelife,allcompeldesignerstolookforablendingofhighdensityASICcircuitsalongwiththeinherentFPGAcircuitflexibility.
Theabilitytocreatea“basedesign”andthenreusethebasewithminimalchangesforsubsequentdeviceshelpsreducedesigntimeandencouragesstandardization.Sincemanyconsumerandofficeproductsareofferedwitharangeoflowtohigh-endoptions,thisbasedesignconceptcanbeeffectivelyused---withfeaturesaddedtoeachsuccessivemodel.Printers,faxmachines,PC'sanddigitalimagingequipmentareexamplewherethisconceptcanbeuseful
DSPapplicationsarealsowellsuitedtoFPGAfastmultiplyandaccumulate(MAC)processingcapability.WhenbuildingaDSPsystem,thedesigncantakeadvantageofparallelstructuresandarithmeticalgorithmstominimizeresourcesandexceedperformanceofsingleormultiplepurposeDSPdevices.DSPdesignersusingbothASICandFOGAwithinthesamedesigncanoptimizeasystemforperformancebeyondthecapabilitiesofeitherseparatecircuittechnology.
OtherapplicationsthatlendthemselvestothehybridASIC/FPGAapproacharedesignsthatsupportmultiplestandardssuchasUSB,FireWireandCameraLINK,inasingledevice.Similarly,designsthatarefinalized,withtheexceptionofanyundefinedfeaturesoremergingstandard,areexcellentcandidatesforthistechnology.Withoutthebenefitofprogrammablelogic,thedesignermustdecidebetweentaping-outthechipknowingthatthePCIlogichasahighprobabilityforchange,orwaitinguntilthedesignrequirementsarefirm-potentiallyimpactingtheendproduct'sschedule.WithbothprogrammablelogicandASICworkingtogetheronasingledevice,somesituationlikethesecanbeaccommodated.OthersimilarissueslikedifferinggeographicorI/OstandardscouldalsobeincorporatedwithintheFPGAcores,withoutrequiringmaskandfabricationupdatesforeachchange.
10.2EconomicsPlayaRoleinUsingHybridDevices
Whiletechnicalapplicationsareemergingforthehybridarchitecture,itisunlikelythatdesignteamswouldutilizethisnewcapabilityunlessit
isalsoeconomicallyviable.Wewillnowexploretheeconomicsbehindthisnewarchitecture.
TorealizetheperformanceanddensityadvantagesofanASIC,designteamsmustaccepthigherNREandlongerTATthanaFPGA.Unlikeoff-the-shiftFPGA,eachASICdesignrequiresacustomsetofmasksforsiliconfabrication.Thecustommasksetallowscircuitilityandinterconnectionstobetailoredtotherequirementsofeachuniqueapplication---yieldinghighperformanceanddensity.However,thecostofthemasksetsisrapidlyincreasing(nearlydoublingwitheachsuccessivetechnologynode).asaresult,maskcostsarebecomingassignificantportionoftheper-diecostinmanycases.
Forexample,considerthecasewhere'remasksetcosts$1,000,000.Forapplicationswhereonly1,000chiparerequired,eachchipwillover$1000,
sincethemaskcost(plusmanyotherexpenses)mustbeamortizedoverthevolumeofchipsold.AsthevolumeforthissameASICrise,effectivecostofeachdiedecrease..
Conversely,FPGAarestandardproducts,wherethemaskchargesforsmallnumberofdesignpassesareamortizedoveralargenumberofcustomersandchips,sothemaskcostperchipsoldisminimal.Asaresult,foreachtechnologynodethereisavolumethreshold,belowwhichit'morecost-effectivetobuyanFPGAchipvs.asmallerASICchip.TATisanotherprimaryeconomicdriver,havingadirectimpactontime-to-marketformanyapplications.ThetimerequiredforASIClayoutandfabricationistypicallyintherange2-5months---muchlongerthanFPGA,whichgenerallyrequire1-4weeksonceacustomer'sRTLisfir