出口实务管理复习要点便于学习记忆.docx

出口实务管理复习要点便于学习记忆.docx

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出口实务管理复习要点便于学习记忆

Chapter1IntroductionofInternationaltrade

Content：

Newtendenciesofinternationaltrade；Functionofinternationaltrade（*）；Surveyofinternationaltrade

思考题：

1.Definition，twobasicelementsandtheexceptionofinternationaltrade

（1）Definitionofinternationaltrade:

Internationaltradeistheprocessofexchanginggoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseofdifferentcurrencies.

（2）Twobasicelements:

Internationaltradeiscarriedoutbetweentwoormorenations.

Theuseofdifferentcurrencis

Issue:

tradebetweenFranceandGermanywhichinvolveonlytheuseofEuroisstillinternationaltrade?

（3）Exception:

TradewithinEuro-zonecountriesisalsointernationaltrade.

2.definitionsandrelationshipsofvalueofforeigntrade,thebalanceoftradeandthetermsoftrade

（1）Definition

thebalanceoftradeistherelationshipbetweenthetotalvolumeofexportsandimportsofacountryforacertainperiodoftime.ie.Thebalanceoftrade=totalexports-totalimports

（2）Typesofthebalanceoftrade:

favorablebalanceofTrade，unfavorablebalanceofTrade，balanceofTrade

（3）Therelationshipbetweenthetermsoftradeandbalanceoftrade

定义：

thetermsoftradearedefinedasthequantityofdomesticgoodsthatmustbegivenuptogetaunitofimportedgoods.

Thetermsoftradeandbalanceoftradearenotdirectlyconnected.

Favorabletermsoftradedonotnecessarilyleadtoafavorablebalanceoftrade.

Thebalanceoftrade=totalexports-totalimports=exportprices↑×quantity↓-totalimports

2×4＝88

3×3＝9

3×2＝6

Unfavorabletermsoftradedonotnecessarilyleadtoanunfavorablebalanceoftrade.

Thebalanceoftrade=totalexports-totalimports=exportprices↓×quantity↑-totalimports

3×3＝99

2×4＝8

2×5＝10

Therelationshipbetweenthesetwodependsontheelasticityofthedemandforimportsandexports.

Onlyifthedemandforimportsandexportsisrelativelyinelastic,animprovementintheTOTwillleadtoafavourablebalanceoftrade.

Chapter2Advantagesoftradingoverseasandtheroleoftheexportandshippingoffice

内容：

Exportbenefitsandrisk；Exportofficerole；Exportofficeorganizationandstructure（*）；Exportpolicyandrecords（*）

思考题：

1.Whyacompanyneedexportoffice?

Toadapttochangingneedsoftheimporters

Toadapttotheglobalizationofmarkets

→Soanadequateandcosteffectiveorganizationisneeded.

2.thequalificationsofexportoffice

·clearlydefinedfunctionsandresponsibilitiesinalltheaspects

·efficientandwell-trainedspecialistandprofessionalstaff

·stronginterfaceofcommunication

·soundfinancialstrategyconductinginternationaltrade

3.InfluencingfactorsofExportofficeorganizationandstructure

Influencingfactors：

1.Thesizeofthecompany;2.thenature/volumeofexportbusiness

4.Functionsandstructureofsmallandlargerexportdepartments

（1）Smallexportdepartment

functions:

beengagedmerelyinshippingorders

structure:

anexportmanager;shipping/logisticsexecutive;accountsexecutive

（2）Largeexportdepartment

functions:

obtainandexecutingtheexportorders

ensurepaymentisreceivedwithoutunduedelayinaccordwiththetermsofsaleasprescribedintheexportcontract.

studytheneedsofdifferentmarkets,trendsandfuturedevelopmentsandpossiblemethodsofincreasingoverseassales

fullunderstandingofthegloballogisticmechanism;

structure:

moreintegratedandgreaterdegreeofspecialization

5.theorganizationandstructureofexportoffice

exportmarketingmanager包括：

exportsalesmanager和shippingmanager

6.typesofsalesoffices

1）Productsorientated2）Customerorientated3）Marketgrouporarea-basedorganization

7.Whyacompanyneedanexportpolicy?

chiefconcernofcompany:

stability;thehighestfinancialreturnobtainable

Achievedbyabalanceormixturebetweenhomeandoverseasmarkets.

→Soacompanyshoulddevelopaexportpolicy.

exportmarketingresearchisimportanttomakeanefficientexportpolicy.

8.clustermarketstrategy

Toserviceacollectionofcountriescontiguoustoeachotherwithsimilarculturesandmarketneeds.

Onecountry:

distributioncentre

Applicationscopes:

FTA,Distriports,EconomicszonesorICDs（inlandclearancedepots）.

Advantage：

reducedistributioncost

encourgetheeconomiesofscale

moreefficientlogistically-drivenorganizationwithinthemarketserved.

9.strategicfocusofexportpolicy

1）Formanoverseassubsidiary

2）setupanoffshoreaccountinthebuyer’scountry（Smallercompany）

10.thewaytokeepexportpolicyefficient

1）Reviewtheexportpolicyandexportofficeorganizationeverytwoorthreeyears

2）Maintaincloseliaisonwithallthevariousorganizations,particularlytradeassociaitonsandgovernmentdepartments

3）Identifynewmarketsandtakingupopportunitiestoexhibitatoverseastradefairsandexhibitions.

11.usualmethodsofchargingexportorders

Useseriallynumberedinvoicesets.

Issuewarehouseinstructionsandprocessitthroughthevariousoffices.

Chapter3Characteristicsofinternationaltransportmodes1

Content:

Theroleandessentialsofatransportsystem（*）

Canalsandinlandwaterways

Internationalairtransport（*）

Internationalroadtransport

Internationalrailtransport（*）

EuroTunnel

思考题：

1.Howaboutthefactorsoftransportsystem

（1）thewayroute

naturallyoccurring:

theseasorriver

artificiallymade：

therailway,cannalormotorway

（2）thevehicleortransportunit（motivepowerunit）

theintegraltypeembracingthecarryingandmotivepoweruniteg.aircraftorship

haveanindependentmotivepoweruniteg.railwaylocomotive

（3）theterminal

2.Advantageofindependentmotivepowerunit

（1）Seperatecarryingandmotivepowerunitshavetheirindependanceandflexibilityinoperation.

（2）Thefailureofthemotivepowerunitdoesnotimmobilizethecarryingunit.

3.typesofmarketsofInternationalairtransport

（1）Expresseg.EMS,TNT,DHL,FEDEX,UPS

（2）specialcargo

Including:

Perishableproducts,liveanimals,projectoutsizedcargoesandhazardousgoods

Orientatedtowards:

traditionalcarriers,theairlinesandfreightforwarders.

（3）traditionalaircargo

normalindustrialandcommercialshipmentsmovinginparcel,containerorpalletform

4.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofairfreight

优点：

Quicktransitreducestheamountofcapitaltiedupintransitandtherisksofstockpiling

theopportunitiestodevelopnewmarkets.

theairportlocationisusuallyinthecentreofcommercial/industrialareas

airfreightservicesaremorefrequentandextensivewhencomparedwithseaschedules

thevalueaddedbenefit

developnewservicethroughthe“combinedtransportoperation”concept

缺点：

limitedcapacityofairfreighterandoveralldimensionsofacceptablecargotogetherwithweightrestricitions

veryhighoperatingexpensesandinitialcostofaircraft

theserviceisvulnerabletodisruptionbytheweather

itisvulnerabletoratesandtransittimecompetitioninshorthaulsbysurfacetransport.

5.ThebeneficialapplicationsofInternationalrailtransport

Beneficialapplicationsinthreesector

（1）Thewagonortrainloadmovement

eg.movethecarfromfactorytodestinationbyrailwithpurpose-builtwagonsRef:

Table3.6

（2）Inter-modalsystem

1.Swapbodyconcept

（a）characters:

allaresuitableforroad/rail/seamovementandtransshipmentbylifttruckandtoploadingcrane

theswap-bodiescanalsobemounted/demountedon/offdrawbarsandsemi-trailers

Ref:

Table3.7

（b）Differenceofrollon-rollofftrafficandSwapbody

2.Piggybacksystem

Roadvehicle（collectinganddeliveringthegoods）→trailerisdrivenonandofftherailwagonorbeloaded/unloadedbyalifton/liftoffcraneoperation→railtransport→roadtransport

Advantage:

Combinationofflexiblityofroadtransportandlowcostofrailtransport

（3）Maritimecontainers

ThetrainstransporttheISOcontainersbetweentheseaportsandthepurpose-builtterminals.

characters：

aprescribedtimetable

Thewagonsaretailor-madetocarryonlycontainer

methodoftransfer:

bymeansof‘portal’-typecrane

Chapter4Characteristicsofinternationaltransportmodes2

内容：

Seatransport（*）

Pipelines

Containerization

·Containerization（*）

·Containerdistribution（*）

·Containertypes

·Containerbases（*）

·Non-containerizablecargo（*）

Palletization

Inlandclearancedepots（*）

Dryports（*）

Seaports

Sea/airconcept

思考题：

1.Maindivisionsofmerchantvessels

（1）Line:

operateinascheduledservicebetweenagroupofports.

（2）tramptrader:

notoperateonafixedsailingschedule,butmerelytradesinallpartsoftheworldinsearchofcargo

（3）specializedvessels：

eg.Oiltanker,oretanker,timbertanker

2.Definitionofcontainerization

Containerizationisamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedforms

（Soit’sapatternofload.Itpermitsaninter-modaltransportsystem.90percentofdeep-seatradesarecontainerized.）

3.Howtoreducetoaminimumtheperiod/transitsofemptycontainermovement?

Thecontainerownershiftstheboxestowheretheyaremostneededatthelowestpossiblecost.

Theleasecompanywritethereturnlocationinthecontract.

Insituationswhereaseriousimbalancearises,thebestoptionistochartershippingspacetorepositiontheboxes

4.CFS,CYandContainerbases

Containerfreightstations（CFSs）

Thecontainerbaseremainsanimportantpartofintegratedinternationaltransportsystem.

5.FCLandLCL

FCL（Fullcontainerload）→CY

LCL（lessthancontainerload）→CFS

FCL／FCL,CY／CY;FCL／LCL, CY／CFS;

LCL／FCL,CFS／CY ;LCL／LCL,CFS／CFS

6.Non-containerizablecargo

Fourcategoriesofnoncontainerizablecategories