书面表达弊病.docx
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书面表达弊病
xx总结与练习
弊病一:
汉语式思维定势
汉语式固定思维模式是学生,当然也包括老师在学习英语过程中的一个最大的弊病之一,这也是我们大家一直学不好英语的主要障碍。
我们不妨先看一下以下习题。
1)Herageisveryyoung.
2)Theyplayedveryhappilylastnight.
3)WefindthattolearnEnglishwellisdifficult.
4)Ithinkshecannotswim.
5)Myhomehasadog.
6)Wedidn'tknoweveninghadfallen.
7)Hehasalotofstudentsgotocollege.
8)LearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.
9)TherearemanyteacherstaughtmeEnglish.
10)IverylikeEnglish.
11)Thoughhewasill,buthewentonworking.
12)Becausesheisill,sosheisabsenttoday.
13)HewasmarriedwithAnnalastmonth.
14)Haveyousuggestedhimtotryagain?
15)Hehasreachedtheageofgoingtoschool.
16)InwinteritiscolderinChangshathanGuangzhou.
17)It'sagoodchancethattheskygaveme.
18)AllthestudentshadstartedreadingEnglishbeforeIdidnotgetup.19)BeijingrainsmuchinAugust.
20)Thehospitalbrokeoutafireyesterday.
21)Sheathome.
22)ThisisJiangxiProvince,JiujiangCounty,No.4MiddleSchool.
[答案]
1)fMyfamilyhasadog./Wekeepadogathome.
2)fTheyhadagoodtimelastnight./Theyenjoyedthemselvesverymuchlastnight.3)fWefinditdifficulttolearnEnglish.
4)fIdon'tthinkcsahneswim.
5)fSheisveryyoung.
6)fEveningcamebeforewerealizedit.
7)
'snoteasytolearn
fAlotofhisstudentshavegonetocollege.
8)fTolearn/LearningEnglishwellisnoteasy./Itwell.
9)fManyteachershavetaughtmeEnglish.
10)fIlikeEnglishverymuch.
11)fThoughhewasill,hewentonworking./Hewasill,buthewentonworking.12)fBecausesheisill,sheisabsenttoday./Sheisill,sosheisabsenttoday.13)fHewasmarriedtoAnnalastmonth./HemarriedAnnalastmonth.
14)fHaveyousuggestedhetryagain?
/Haveyousuggestedhimtryingagain?
15)fHeisoldenoughtogotoschool.
16)fInwinteritiscolderinChangshathaninGuangzhou.
17)fGodgavemeagoodchance./It'sreallyagoodchancethatGodgaveme.18)fAllthestudensthadstartedreadingEnglishbeforeIgotup.
19)fItrainsmuchinBeijinginAugust.
20)fAfirebrokeoutatthehospitallastnight.
21)fSheisathomenow.
22)fThisisNo.4MiddleSchool,JiujiangCounty,JiangxiProvince.
许多学生在写英语作文时由于受汉语思维模式的影响,不知不觉地用汉语的表达方式来表达自己的意思,写出的句子只有懂汉语的英语老师才能意会。
产生Chinglish的直接原因是很多学生把整个英语学习视为机械的word-for-word
translation的过程,生搬硬套,久而久之,便养成了机械对应的习惯,不会在特定的上下文中正确遣词造句,选用句型,只会按汉语逐字逐句转译为英语。
要减少汉式英语,必须做到:
①尽量使自己养成用英语思维进行写作的习惯,注意中西文化差异带来的不同表达方式。
②平时要归纳总结、纠正汉式英语。
③广泛阅读,多收听英语广播、收看电视中的英语新闻节目等。
弊病二:
选词或搭配不当
[误]Peterisawarm-heartedperson,soeverybodylikestohavefriendswithhim.[正]Peterisawarm-heartedperson,soeverybodyliestomakefriendswithhim.[析]在理解英语词汇时,不能仅停留在了解其字面意义上,而应掌握内在涵义。
同时要熟悉它们的习惯搭配。
平时学习词汇时,要仔细思考,勤查词典,尤其要多记英语解释,弄清它们的确切意思和用法,以免造成类似错误。
[巩固练习]
1)Itonlyspendsus15minutestogototheparkfromthecenterofthecitybybus.
3)MrWangforgothiswalletintheclassroomyesterday.
4)Shewillremberfirmlywhatherteachersaidanddid.
5)Canyouborrowmeyourdictionary?
6)ImustkeepyourwordsinmindandworkhardtoraisemyEnglish.
7)Johncaughtabadcold,sohehadtoliveinhospital.
8)Isawananimalthisafternoon.
[答案]
1)spendsftakes/fWespend15minutesgoingtotheparkfromthecenterofthecitybybus.
4)firmlyfclea汉语中可以讲牢牢记住”但英语中firmly却不可与
rember搭配。
常和rember搭配的副词有clearly,perfectly,thoroughly等
5)borrowflend6)raisefimprove7)live-表stay^l在某处居住”病人住
院”用stay
8)此句应该用具体词却误用了概括词,应将animal改为lion,tiger等
弊病三:
逻辑错误
[误]LiuHuaisakind-heartedgirl;shewillbesuccessfulinanythingshetries.[正]Asshehasastrongwillandconfideneeinherself,LiuHuamaybesuccessfulinanythingshetries.析]一个心地善良的人能保证事事都能成功”这个
推理不合理。
“一个具有坚强意志和信念的人可能会取得成功”这才合乎逻辑。
在写作时,不少学生从语言角度考虑得多,而从逻辑角度考虑得少。
因此,常常出现不少逻辑错误。
[巩固练习]
1)Americansaretall.
2)Everybirdcanfly.
3)ShemustbeillbecauseIsawadoctorgoingintoherroom.
4)WhenIwasgoingout,itbegantorain.
5)Thearmymenhadbeenmarchingalldayandtheiruniformsweregreen.6)IwasbornandgrewupinthetownofYiduin1953.
1)
Mostofthebirdscanfly.
TManyAmericansaretall.2)
3)TShemustbeill,forIsawadoctorgoingintoherroom.becaus表直接原因,表示的原因和产生的结果有必然的因果关系。
原句意思是:
她生病是因为医生走进了她的房间。
这是不合逻辑的。
改成for引起的分句是对前句作推测性解释。
4)TIwasgoingoutwhenitbegantorain我正要出门,这时天突然下起雨来。
分析原句得出这一结论:
天要在我准备外出时下雨。
这是不符合逻辑的。
5)TThearmymenhadbeenmarchingallday,andtheiruniformsweredust原句“行军与军衣颜色”逻辑上无必然联系。
6)TWasbornin1953andgrewupinthetownofYidu原句时间概念不清不合英语表达习惯
[误]Thepriceofoilismoreexpensivethanbefore.
[正]Thepriceofoilishigherthanbefore.
要避免此类错误的发生,平时训练就要多比较、归纳英汉两种语言在表达方式上的差异。
[巩固练习]
1)China'spopulationisthemostintheworld.
2)ZhangHangstudiesinJiangxiProvince,WanzaiCounty,KangleHighSchool.3)LiPinghasfourclassesinthemorning.Afternoonhastwoclasses.4)Sincethetelephonewasinvented,people'slifehastakenplacegreatchanges.5)Myparentsbothdon'tliketogotothecinema,Ialsodon't.
6)Everywherecanseeredflowersandgreengrass.
7)Todaytherearestillsomestudentsdon'tknowhowtouseEnglish
dictionaries.8)Ifuseyourhead,thisproblemcanbesolvedquickly.
9)Isyourworkbusy?
10)Yourstudenthasgonetoaworkpost.
11)It'shesuggestedthatIwritetoyou.
12)Modernsciencetechnologydevelopmentmakessocietygreatchanges.13)AftergraduatedfromBeijingUniversity,myunclebecameateacher.答案]
1)TChina'spopulationisthelargest/highestintheworld.
2)TZhangHangstudiesinKangleHighSchool,WanzaiCounty,JiangxiProvince.3)TLiPinghasfourclassesinthemorningandtwointhe
afternoon.4)TSincethetelephonewasinvented,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinpeople'slife.
5)TNeitherofmyparentslikestogotothecinema.NordoI.
6)TEverywhereyoucanseeredflowersandgreengrass.
7)TTodaysomestudentsstilldon'tknowhowtouseEnglishdictionaries.8)
youuseyourhead,youcanquicklysolvethisproblem.
9)TAreyoubusywithyourwork?
10)TYourstudenthasgonetowork.
11)TIt'shewhosuggestedthatI(should)writetoyou.
12)TThedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtcehnologyhasbroughtaboutgreatsocialchanges.
13)TAftergraduating/hegraduatedfromBeijingUniversity,myunclebecameateacher.
句子缺乏统一性
[误]Tocontrolthebirthrateintheworld,scientistsarelookingfornewsourcesofenergy.[正]Tocontrolthebirthrateintheworld,allthegovernmentsmusttakestrictandeffectivemeasures.
[析]错句前后两部分意思无关紧要,违背了统一性原则。
统一性要求一个句子必须表达一个单一的完整思想。
如果把不相连的思想放在同一句子里或一个句子表达的思想不完整,就破坏了句子统一性原则。
[巩固练习]
1)Beinganhonestman,MrWangworkedveryhard.
2)Sometelevisionprogramsareharmfultochildren,soparentsmustbepreventedfromwatchingTV.
3)Henrywasillanditwasthereasonwhyhewasabsentsolong.
5)Thismountainissixthousandfeethigh,anditisonlyfourmilesfromtheairport,andthefieldisnotaverylargeone,butnoplanehasevercrashedonit.答案]
1)TBeinganhonestman,MrWangnevertellsalietohisstudents.
2)TSometelevisionprogramsareharmfultochildren,soparentsmustpreventtheirchildrenfromwatchingTV.
3)fThereasonwhyHenrywasabsentsolongwasthathewasill./Henrywasabsentforsuchalongtimebecausehewasill不对等的意思不要用等立连词。
4)fMyniecegotmarriedlastweek过多的细节会使读者抓不住主要思想。
5)fAlthoughthismountainissixthousandfeethighandonlyfourmilesfromthesmallairport,noplanehasevercrashedonit这里一系列并列句显得很单调,表达不出彼此间的关系,破坏了统一性原则。
句子缺乏xx
连贯性是指句子无论长短,在安排上要合乎逻辑,衔接自然,使句内语义关系明确,让人一目了然。
学生习作中不连贯的句子主要包括垂悬修饰语、指代不清、未用过渡性词语、非平行结构和语义不完整的分割短句等方面的错误。
[误]MybestfriendinhighschoolwasourEnglishteacher.HernamewasGaoHui.ShetaughtusEnglishforthreeyears正]MybestfriendinhighschoolwasourEnglishteacher,GaoHui,whotaughtusEnglishforthreeyears.
[析]原句把一个简单的思想内容各列成三个短句来表达,尽管这些句子语法正确,但不连贯,显得乏力。
[巩固练习]
1)RoseisinlovewithJohn,JohnisinlovewithMary.
2)Tomwroteaquicknote.ItwastoNancy.Shewashisfriend.
3)Speakingbeforeacrowdofpeopleforthefirsttime,mykneesshook.4)Shelikestoplaytennisandwatchingbasketballgames.
5)Hetoldmybrotherthathewaswrong.
6)Everyuniversityhasmanyrulesandregulationsandtheymustobeyallofthem.7)Ireturnedtomyroom.Therewasanoteundermybook.ItwasfromJack.Hesaidhewasinthecitylookingforajob.Hehadn'tfoundanythingyet.H
thathewassorrynottohaveseenme.
1)TRoseisinlovewithJohn,butJohnisinlovewithMary.
2)TTomwroteaquicknotetoNancy,hisfriend.
3)TWhenIwasspeakingbeforeacrowdofpeopleforthefirsttime,mykneesshook.speaking的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,产生垂悬”修饰语。
4)TShelikesplaygptennisandwatchingbasketballgames两个平行的思想toplaytennis和watchingbasketballgames用了不同的结构,破坏了句子的连贯性。
5)wrong.
Iamwrong,”hesaidtomybrother./Hesaidtobybrother,6)theytthestuc代ts,they无指代对象。
7)
saidhewasinthecitylookingforajob,buthehadn'tfoundanythingyet.H
thathewassorrynottohaveseenme此段出现了一连串的短句,这些短句提供的信息量小,语义支离破碎,缺乏连贯性。
TWhenIreturnedtomyroom,IfoundanotefromJackundermybook.He
标点符号误用
书写英文句子时,不少学生常常误用标点符号。
标点符号是一种变相文字,是书面语不可缺少的重要手段,同学们平时要比较英汉标点的差异,切莫等闲视之。
[误]LiPingisn'toldenough,hecannotjointhearmy.
[正]LiPingisn'toldenough.Hecannotjointhearmy./LiPingisn
cannotjointhearmy.
[析]此句犯了两个或数个独立的句子用逗号断开的通病。
[巩固练习]
1)MrYureads《ChinaDaily》everyday.
2)Somepeopleprefercookedfood,otherspreferfriedfood.
3)“IjoinedtheLeaguein1989.
”hesaid.
4)Walkalongthisroad,andtakethesecondturningontheleft。
5)Hisparentsrantohimandaskedwhathadhappened?
6)IlikeChinese、maths、historyandEnglish.
1)去掉书名号。
汉语中有书名号,但英语中没有。
书写报刊、书名等时,常用报刊、书名的每个单词首字母