英国文学史期末复习重点.docx

英国文学史期末复习重点.docx

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英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史

Partone:

EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature

Chapter1TheMakingofEngland

1.TheearlyinhabitantsintheislandnowwecallEnglandwereBritons,atribeofGelts.

2.In55B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCaesar.

TheRomanoccupationlastedforabout400years.

ItwasalsoduringtheRomanrolethatChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.

Andin410A.D.,alltheRomantroopswentbacktothecontinentandneverreturned.

3.TheEnglishConquest

AtthesametimeBritainwasinvadedbyswarmsofpirates（海盗）.TheywerethreetribesfromNorthernEurope:

theAngles,SaxonsandJutes.

Andbythe7thcenturythesesmallkingdomswerecombinedintoaUnitedKingdomcalledEngland,or,thelandofAngles.

AndthethreedialectsspokenbythemnaturallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish.

4.TheSocialConditionoftheAnglo-Saxon

Therefore,theAnglo-Saxonperiodwitnessedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.

5.Anglo-SaxonReligiousBeliefandItsInfluence

TheAnglo-SaxonswereChristianizedintheseventhcentury.

Chapter2Beowulf

1.Anglo-SaxonPoetry

Butthereisonelongpoemofover3,000lines.ItisBeowulf,thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.GrendelisamonsterdescribedinBeowulf.

3.AnalysisofItsContent

BeowulfisafolklengendbroughttoEnglandbyAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinentalhomes.Ithadbeenpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthetenthcentury.

4.FeaturesofBeowulf

Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalformistheuseofalliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.

Chapter3FeudalEngland

1）TheNormanConquest

2.TheNormanConquest

TheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliamcamein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedasKingofEngland.

TheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.

3.TheInfluenceoftheNormanConquestontheEnglishLanguage

Bytheendofthefourteenthcentury,whenNormansandEnglishintermingled,Englishwasoncemorethedominantspeechinthecountry.

3）TheRomance

1.TheContentoftheRomance

ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance.

4.Malory’sLeMorteD’Arthur

TheadventuresoftheKnightsoftheRoundTableatArthur’scourt

Chapter5TheEnglishBallads

2.TheBallads

ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliteratureistheballad.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.

OfparamountimportancearetheballadsofRobinHood.

3.TheRobinHoodBallads

Chapter6Chaucer

1.Life

GeoffreyChaucer,thefounder/fatherofEnglishpoetry.

3.TroilusandCriseyde

TroilusandCriseydeisChaucer’slongestcompletepoemandhisgreatestartisticachievement.

Butthepoetshowssomesympathyforher,hittingthatherfaultspringsfromweaknessratherthanbasenessofcharacter.

4.TheCanterburyTales

TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.

6.HisLanguage

Chaucer’slanguage,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,isvividandexact.

Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter（the“theheroiccouplet”）toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.

ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingdialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.

PartTwo:

TheEnglishRenaissance

Chapter1OldEnglandinTransition

1.TheNewMonarchy

ThecenturyandahalffollowingthedeathofChaucerwasfullofgreatchanges.

AndHenry7,takingadvantageofthissituation,foundedtheTudordynasty,acentralizedmonarchyofatotallynewtype,whichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisieandsowonitssupport.

2.TheReformation

Protestantism

ThebloodyreligiouspersecutioncametoastopafterthechurchsettlementofQueenElizabeth.

3.TheEnglishBible

WilliamTyndall

ThenappearedtheAuthorizedVersion,whichwasmadein1611undertheauspicesofJamesIandsowassometimescalledtheKingJamesBible.

TheresultisamonumentofEnglishlanguageandEnglishliterature.

ThestandardmodernEnglishhasbeenfixedandconfirmed.

4.TheEnclosureMovement

5.TheCommercialExpansion

Chapter2More

1.Life

ThomasMore

2.Utopia

UtopiaisMore’smasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconversationbetweenMoreandHythlody,areturnedvoyager.

Thename“Utopia”comesfromtwoGreekwordsmeaning“noplace”.

3.Utopia,BookOne

BookOneofUtopiaisapictureofcontemporaryEnglandwithforcibleexposureofthepovertyamongthelaboringclasses.

4.Utopia,BookTwo

InBookTwowehaveasketchofanidealcommonwealthinsomeunknownocean,wherepropertyisheldincommonandthereisnopoverty.

Chapter3TheFloweringofEnglishLiterature

3.EdmundSpenser

1）Life

ThePoet’sPoetoftheperiodwasEdmundSpenser.

In1579hewroteTheShepher’sCalendar,apastoralpoemintwelvebooks,oneforeachmonthoftheyear.

2）TheFaerieQueene（masterpiece）

Spenser’sgreatestwork,TheFaerieQueene（publishedin1589-1596）,isalongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonly6.

iambicfeetSpenserianStanza

4.FrancisBacon（father/founderofEnglishessay）

thefounderofEnglishEnglishmaterialistphilosophy

BaconisalsofamousforhisEssays.Whenitincluded58essays.

BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist.

Chapter4Drama

7.ThePlaywrights

Therewasagroupofso-called“universitywits”（Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,LodgeandNash）.

Chapter5Marlowe

1.Life

Themostgiftedofthe“universitywits”wasChristopherMarlowe.

2.Work

Marlowe’sbestincludesthreeofhisplays,Tamburlaine,TheJewofMaltaandDoctorFaustus.

3.DoctorFaustus

Marlowe’smasterpieceisTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.

5.Marlowe’sLiteraryAchievement

MarlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.

ItisMarlowewhofirstmadeblankverse（rhymelessiambicpentameter）theprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.

Chapter6Shakespeare

1.Life

WilliamShakespearewasbornonApril23,1564,inStratford-on-Avon.

Afterhisdeath,twoofhisabove-mentionedfellow-actors,HermingeandCondell,collectedandpublishedShakespeare’splaysin1623.Tothisedition,whichhasbeenknownastheFirstFolio.

4.TheGreatComedies

AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsYouLikeItandTwelfthNighthavebeencalledShakespeare’s“greatcomedies”.

6.TheGreatTragedies

Shakespearecreatedhisgreattragedies,Hamlet,Othello,KingLearandMacbeth.

7.Hamlet

thesonoftheRenaissance

9.ThePoems

1）VenusandAdonis

2）TheRapeofLucrece

3）Shakespeare’sSonnets

10.FeaturesofShakespeare’sDrama

ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreatesttreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage.

ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance.

PartThree:

ThePeriodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution

Chapter1TheEnglishRevolutionandtheRestoration

5.TheBourgeoisDictatorshipandtheRestoration

in1688GloriousRevolution

6.TheReligiousCloakoftheEnglishRevolution

PuritanismwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringtheEnglishRevolution.Itpreachedthrift,sobriety,hardworkandunceasinglabourinwhatevercallingonehappenedtobe,butwithnoextravagantenjoymentofthefruitsoflabour.

Chapter2Milton

1.LifeandWork

ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.

2.ParadiseLost

1）ParadiseLost

ParadiseLostisMilton’smasterpiece.

blankverse.

Chapter3Bunyan

1.Life

ThePilgrim’sProgresswaspublishedin1678.

2.ThePilgrim’sProgress

1）ThePilgrim’sProgressisareligiousallegory.

Chapter4MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets

aschoolofpoetscalled“Metaphysical”bySamuelJohnson.

bymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform

JohnDonne,thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.

Chapter6RestorationLiterature

2.JohnDryden

ThemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureoftheRestorationPeriodwasJohnDryden.

DrydenwastheforerunneroftheEnglishclassicalschoolofliteratureinthenextcentury.

PartFour:

TheEighteenthCentury

Chapter1TheEnlightenmentandClassicisminEnglishLiterature

1.TheEnlightenmentand18thCenturyEngland

2）TheEnlightenmentinEurope

The18thcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEurope,knownastheEnlightenment,whichwas,onthewhole,anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.

3）TheEnglishEnlighterners

TherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentinEnglishliteraturewereJosephAddisonandRichardSteele,theessayists,andAlexanderPope,thepoet.

Chapter2AddisonandSteele

1.SteeleandTheTatler

RichardSreele

In1709,hestartedapaper,TheTatler,toenlighten,aswellastoentertain,hisfellowcoffeehouse-goers.

Hisappealwasmadeto“coffeehouses,”thatistosay,tothemiddleclasses,forwhoseenlightenmenthestoodup.

“IssacBickerstaff”

2.AddisonandTheSpectator

Thegeneralpurposeis“toenlivenmoralitywithwit,andtotemperwitwithmorality.”

TheyusheredinthedawnofmodernEnglishnovel.

Chapter3Pope

1.Life

AlexanderPope,themostimportantEnglishpoetinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.

3.WorkmanshipandLimitation

PopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetofth