高考研讨会位专家课件全国高考课标卷英语学科趋势预测完形和写作专题.ppt
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2012全国高考（课标卷）英语学科趋势预测,-完形和写作专题,2,完形填空又叫完形程序。
这一测试方法1953年由威尔逊泰勒创设。
它是一种测试读者预测和理解不完整的语言信息的能力的方法。
3,高考中它常常以记叙文为主，或者是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，常常以故事形式出现，从小故事中引出做人或做事的道理，文章难度低于阅读理解题中的短文。
它的字数在230-280左右。
4,5,6,完形填空命题规律和特点,WhoPerspectiveWhatTheme/TopicWhenTimeWhereSceneHowwhy,Clue,7,完形填空的解题过程就是对语篇缺失进行推测的过程。
它迫使受测者阅读全文，迫使他们利用语言中的多余信息猜测意思，理解句子，弄清句子和句子之间的关系，弄懂全文。
为了答好题，受测者必须努力从字里行间寻找能够利用的线索，例如书写和形态变化线索，词汇线索，句法线索，社会文化线索，上下文线索，根据有关线索进行猜测，作出合理的推断。
如果仅以句子为单位进行分析、解题，那等同于肢解一个完整而连续的语篇，是做不下去的。
而以语篇为单位进行分析、解读，从语境、衔接、语义连贯这几个方面来考虑则非常有利于完形填空的解题。
8,语篇,语言学家哈里斯（Harris）指出“:
语言并非是一些杂乱无章的词句，而是由连贯的篇章形式表现出来的”。
9,语篇的七项标准,衔接性、连贯性、意图性、可接受性、语境性、信息性和互文性。
10,语篇的重要条件,衔接是篇章的有形网络，它通过词汇和语法手段使语篇内句与句之间在概念上有联系，在排列上符合逻辑，让语句文理通顺。
连贯是篇章的无形网络，句子连贯是指句中的成分之间具有合乎逻辑的有机联系，句子的表述思路清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。
11,衔接是篇章中连接词与词，一种表达方式与其他表达方式等表面关系的网络。
连贯是一种蕴涵于篇章中的概念关系网络。
12,连贯的衔接手段分为两类:
显性的（或表层上的）衔接隐性的（或深层上的）衔接,13,显性衔接主要指那些通过语法、词汇实现连贯的衔接手段。
在理解文章的连贯时，只须通过明显的衔接手段作为向导，不需要任何间接搭桥。
五种衔接手段（词汇、照应、替代、省略、连接）时态，语态的一致、音系衔接、句子嵌套和排列顺序等等。
14,Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwayslivedinthebestcompany,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.,15,Theirheadsandbreastswerecoveredwithathickhair,somefrizzled,andotherslank;theyhadbeardslikegoats,andalongridgeofhairdowntheirbacksandthefore-partsoftheirlegsandfeet;buttherestoftheirbodieswerebare,sothatImightseetheirskins,whichofabrownbuffcolor.（J.Swift:
GulliversTravels）,16,Educationmakesapeopleeasytolead,butdifficulttodrive;easytogovern,butimpossibletoslave.,17,隐性衔接则指通过合理的逻辑推理或语言使用者的文化背景知识等实现连贯的衔接手段。
在理解文章的连贯时.没有明显的衔接手段作为向导。
必须通过合理的搭桥（逻辑推理，背景知识，想象等等作为手段）。
隐性衔接主要包括:
语境、逻辑推理、世界知识、共有知识、联想和想像等等。
18,A.Theresthedoorbell.B.Iminthebath.,19,A:
Whatonearthhashappenedtotheroastbeef?
B:
Thedogislookingveryhappy.,20,完形填空解题技巧,词汇衔接语篇连贯,21,词汇衔接,词汇衔接是语篇中两个或多个成分之间所存在的逻辑语义关系,这些词汇常以复现和搭配等形式出现,构成一个衔接的语义整体,从而促成语篇的连贯。
英语语篇是一个句子之间相互衔接、语义相互关联的多个衔接链组成的统一连贯的整体。
作为语篇建构的一种重要机制,词汇衔接对于语篇组织、语篇连贯具有重要作用。
22,语篇连贯,语篇并不是将一个个主题互不相关的句子拼凑在一起,而是关于同一主题的短语或句子组成的有意义的连贯的整体。
也就是说,语篇具有统一性和连贯性。
这就是衔接的特性使语篇中的各句“粘合”在一起,形成一个有机的整体。
23,IboughtaFord.AcarinwhichPresidentWilsonrodedowntheChampsElyseeswasblack.BlackEnglishhasbeenwidelydiscussed.Thediscussionsbetweenthepresidentsendedlastweek.Aweekhassevendays.EverydayIfeedmycat.Catshavefourlegs.Thecatisonthemat.Mathasthreeletters.,24,25,词汇复现,Thereisaboyclimbingthattree.Theboysgoingtofallifhedoesntcare.Theladsgoingtofallifhedoesnttakecare.Thechildsgoingtofallifhedoesnttakecare.Theidiotsgoingtofallifhedoesnttakecare.,26,Thisisafinehallyouhavehere.Iamproudtobelecturinginit.（照应）Thisisafinehallyouhavehere.Iveneverlecturedinafinerone.（替代）Thisisafinehallyouhavehere.Iveneverlecturedinafiner.（省略）,27,照应,语篇中某一成分和另一成分之间在指称意义上的相互解释的关系，它可以使语篇在结构上更加紧凑，从而使语篇成为前后衔接的整体。
28,人称照应,Thegentlemansaidnoandtoldmethathe42togotothenursinghometoeatbreakfastwithhis43.Hetoldmethatshehadbeen44forawhileandthatshehadaspecialdisease,Iaskedifshewouldbe45ifhewasabitlate.（2010全国新课标）,29,指示照应,指示代词：
this,these,that,those定冠词：
the指示性副词：
here,there,now,then,30,指示代词：
this,these,that,those,Rereadingtheletter,Iwas31byitshumor（幽默）andcleverexpressions,ThesewereallqualitiesforwhichIhad32respectedmyorderbrotherbut33henolongerhadthem.（2010课标卷）ThatswhyImso39tobeapartofCareerF.OvertheyearsIvecometo23howmuchofmysuccessIowetomy24ofthosewordsasoneofmyvalues.（2009全国2）,31,指示性副词：
here,there,now,then,Hetoldmethatshehadbeen44thereforawhileandthatshehadaspecialdisease,Iaskedifshewouldbe45ifhewasabitlate.Herepliedthatshe46knewwhohewas,thatshehadnotbeenableto47himforfiveyearsnow.,32,比较照应,“Well,Illtryit;ifIdontlikeitIcanalwaysgobacktomy33earlierposition.”（2009全国2）Amoreembarrassing（尴尬）situationoccurswhenastudentstartsfallingintosleepandthe_30_oftheheadpushesthearmoffthe_31_,andthemovementcarriesthe_32_ofthebodyalong.Theworsttimetofallasleepiswhen_34_.（2011全国2）,33,The29nearestgaragetotheofficewasabout100yardsawayandwegotthere30.（2007全国2）,34,替代种类,One,ones,thesame,soDo,dosoSo,not,35,2009全国2,OneofmyfathersfavoritesayingsasIwasgrowingupwas“Tryit!
”IcouldntsayIdidntlike21,whateveritmightbe,22Itriedit.OvertheyearsIvecometo23howmuchofmysuccessIowetomy24ofthosewordsasoneofmyvalues.My25jobwasjustoneIdecidedtotryforacoupleofyearsuntilI26whatIwanttodoasacareer（职业）.,36,Irememberhow43happyIwaswhenIsawthetraystandnearthetables;itlookeddifferentfromtheoneIwas44trainedonIthadnicehandles,whichmadeit45easiertomovearound（2008全国1海南，宁夏）,37,WearrivedinSpainforthefirsttimeafewweeksago.Idecidedto21acarbecausewehadsoldtheonewehadinEnglandbefore22home.（2007全国2）,38,照应、替代、省略,MikeenjoysgolfmorethanMikeenjoystennis.Mikeenjoysgolfmorethanhedoestennis.Mikeenjoysgolfmorethantennis.,39,3E连接,详述（elaboration）延伸（extension）增强（enhancement）,40,1.同位（apposition）,换言（expository）Inotherwords,thatis（tosay）,Imean（tosay）,toputitanotherwayThatis：
Never42yourownsenses”（2011课标卷）,41,举例（exemplifying）Forexample,forinstance,thus,toillustrateIfthedriversare_37_,theyarenotseriouslyhurt.Onewomanscar,_38forexample_,wentintotheriver.Shewokeupinfourfeetof_39_andthoughtitwasraining.（2011全国2）52ThusLongJohnSilverthepiratewithawoodenleg,was53.（2009全国2）,42,Geeseareknowntotakethefirstlivingthingtheyseeastheirmother.42thus,totheseyounggeese,thegirlwastheirmother.,43,2.阐明（clarification）,矫正（corrective）Orrather,bemorepreciseWouldyoumindtellingme39youarethinkingofleaving?
40orareyougoingtositinyourcarallday?
”（2007全国2）题外（distractive）Bytheway,incidentally毋论（dismissive）Inanycase,anyway,leavingthataside,44,例举（particularizing）Inparticular,moreespecially继续（resumptive）AsIwassaying,toresume,togetbacktothepoint,45,总结（summative）Inshort,tosumup,inconclusion,briefly,46,确认（verificative）Actually,asamatteroffact,infactMy25jobwasjustoneIdecidedtotryforacoupleofyearsuntilI26whatIwanttodoasacareer（职业）.27actuallyIbelievedIwouldworkforafewyears,getmarried,stayhomeandraiseafamily,soIdidntthinkthejobItook28thatmuch.,47,延伸（extension）,1.增补（addition）肯定（positive）否定（negative）2.转折（adversative）3.变换（variation）对立（replasive）除外（substrative）选择（alternative）,48,1.增补（addition）,肯定（positive）And,also,moreover,inaddition否定（negative）Nor,neithernor,49,2.转折（adversative）,But,yet,ontheotherhand,howeverItwasalwaysthoughtthatTreasureIslandwastheproductofRobertLouisStevensonsimagination._36however_，recentresearchhasfoundthetruestoryofthisexcitingwork.（2009）,50,3.变换（variation）,对立（replasive）Onthecontrary,insteadCaringabout49safety,thefatherdecidedtopilottheplanehimself.However,thebirdsdidnot50orfollowhim,and51insteadsleptinthegrass.（2007全国1）,51,除外（substrative）Apartfromthat,exceptforthat32exceptforshortvacationvisits,however,hehadlivedawayfromhome.（2008全国2）选择（alternative）alternatively,52,增强（enhancement）,1.时空（spatio-temporal）Thenursehadhimtakea36inthewaitingarea,37himitwouldbeatleast40minutes38beforesomeonewouldbeabletoseehim.（2010全国1）ButwhenIturnedintomainroadIsuddenlysawalotofcarsracing31towardsme.Igotoutof32asfastasIcouldbybackingintothegarage33andthemanbehind34me.（2007全国2）,53,Suddenlytheystood,pickeduptheir40andsteppedtogether41offtheedgeofwheretheyweresittingtoplacethetableintheseawater.Themanstepped42backforthetwochairs.（2006全国1）,54,2.方式（manner）Similarly,inadifferentway3.因果/条件（causal-conditional）“Well,itsreally_54_IcametoarestaurantwhereImknown,”Isaid.“_55otherwise_,Imighthavebeenintrouble.”（2005）4.话题（matter）Asfor,55,完形训练,56,语篇词汇衔接提炼,Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.Nosinglebeatischaracteristicofthemusictoday.Buteachsonghasaneasilyrecognizablerhythm.Asyoulistentoasong，yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.Beforelong，yourentirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.Yourheadpoundswiththebeat，andthereisnoroomforthought.Onlythesurgeofthemusicisimportant.Initsownway，rockmusicisasdominantastherockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanovergrowingemotionalone.,57,关键词:
beat，song，music近义词:
distinct，characteristic，easilyrecognizable，initsownway;beat，rhythm,thesurge;overwhelming，dominant，overpowering上下义:
music,rockofmusic,58,Wordsthatexpresslove,passion,anger,despairthehighestpeaksandthelowestdepthsofemotion,andthethingsthatmakeusrealizewearetrulyalive.WutheringHeights,withitstaleofdoomed（注定失败的）loveanditsportrayalofboththegoodandthebadsidesofhumannature,toppedthelistofthegreatestlovestoriesofalltime,releasedbytheNewYorkPublicLibraryin2008.ThelatestfilmversioncameoutintheUKonNovember11.,59,ITALIANPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconiresignedonNovember12withhiscountrydeepintheEuropeandebtcrisis.BerlusconisteppeddownaftertheItalianparliament（国会）approvedtheEuropeanUnionsausterity（紧缩）measuresashepromisedonNovember8.,60,语篇词汇衔接替换,Ihadaverynicechildhood.IwenttoaveryniceschoolinU.S.A.wheretheteacherswereallnicetothechildrenandthelessonswerealwaysnice.Itwasinaverynicepartofthecountryanditseemstomenowthattheweatherwasalwaysnice.Ithoughtitwasespeciallyniceinwinterwhenitisnicetoplayinthesnow.,61,Happy,pleasant，kind，interesting，beautiful，fine，enjoyable，exciting,62,Gardenloversareproudoftheirlittlepatches（
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