大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习整理 权威版 后附试题.docx

大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习整理 权威版 后附试题.docx

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大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习整理权威版后附试题

2012词汇学复习资料

ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

1.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamilies.ItincludesmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.Thoselanguages,whicharebelievedtohaveoriginatedfromthislanguagefamilyanddevelopedalonedifferentlines,showvariousdegreesofsimilaritytooneanother.Theyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternSet东部诸语族:

Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语,Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族,Armenian亚美尼亚语族andAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚语族;aWesternSet:

西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族,Italic意大利语族,Hellenic希腊语族,Germanic日尔曼语族.AllthelanguagesinbothsetsshedsomeinfluenceonEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentbecauseeachhaslentwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.

Prussian普鲁士语

Lithuanian立陶宛语

Polish波兰语

Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语

Bulgarian保加利亚语

Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语

Russian

Albanian阿尔巴尼亚

Persian波斯语

Hindi北印度语

Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语

Romany，吉卜赛语

Armenian亚美尼亚语

Portuguese

Spanish

Italic意大利语族Italian

Roumanian罗马尼亚语

French

Indo-European

LanguageFamily

Irish

Celtic凯尔特语Breton

Scottish

Norwegian挪威语

Icelandic，冰岛语

Danish丹麦语

GermanicSwedish瑞典语

日尔曼语言English

Dutch

Flemish

German

Hellenic，古希腊语-Greek

Chapter1

AGeneralSurveyofAWord

TheDefinitionofWord

•Awordis

（1）Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;

（2）asoundunity;

（3）aunityofmeaning;

（4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

Awordisaminimalfreeformthathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

Awordisasmallestunitofalanguage.

1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary

ThehistoryofEnglishlanguagecanbedividedinto3periods:

a/OldEnglishperiod（449—1100）

Theformerinhabitants,theCeltic,theGermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutesAnglo-SaxonasOldEnglish,OldEnglishcontains50-60thousandwords,whichconsistsofthebasicwordstock.

b/MiddleEnglishperiod（1100-1500）

characterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.TheFrenchloanwordswerefoundinlawandgovernmentaladministration（judge,justice）

c/ModernEnglishperiod（1500--）

theearlystageofthisperiod（includingtheyearsbetween1500-1700）,theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.borrowingfromLatin,Latinwerenowmostlyconnectedwithscienceandabstractideas.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords

2.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria

A.ByOrigin:

nativewordsandloan（borrowed）words

InEnglishlanguage,mostnativewordsinModernEnglisharemonosyllabic.TheyformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockofEnglishlanguage.

Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockare:

1.Nationalcharacter;2.Stability;3.Word-formingability;4.Abilitytoformcollocations

Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.

B.Bylevelofusage

1.Commonwords（P11wordsconnectedwithordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife:

“Therepeatedtelephonecallsonlyannoyedmebutmademysisterveryangry.”）

2.Literarywords（P12wordsarechieflyusedinwriting,formalspeeches,e.g.Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.）:

a.Archaicwords;b.PoeticalwordsSeeP13

3.Colloquialwords:

WordsusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,inconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues,e.g.“Johnwasfiredforpettythieving”

4.Slangwords

C.Bynotion:

functionwordsandcontent（P17）

●functionwordsareshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoon,theyservegrammaticalmeaning

●Contentwordsbythetruck.

Chapter2

Word-StructureandWord-Formation

（1）

1.Thedefinitionofmorpheme

1.1Whatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage?

-morpheme

Whatarewordscomposedof?

-Wordsareformedbymorphemes.Awordisthesmallestunitthatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.

1.2WhataretheChineseequivalentsofmorpheme?

语素词素-形位

2.1Morphemesmaybeclassifiedintofreeandbound.

Freemorphemes,alsocalledcontentmorphemes,mayconstitutewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Sowemaysaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.

Boundmorphemes=Boundroot+affixes,knownasgrammaticalmorphemes,mustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherfreeorbound.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords,e.g.recollection,idealistic,ex-prisoner

2.2Morphemesmayalsobeclassifiedintoroots（orrootmorphemes）andaffixes（oraffixationalmorphemes）.

Task:

（1）Readthefollowingwordsandfindtherootineachword.

heart,hearten,dishearten,heartless,hearty,heartiness,

sweetheart,heartbroken,kind-hearted,whole-heartedly.

（2）Whatisyourdefinitionofroot?

Arootisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenalltheaffixeshavebeenremoved.

（3）Isarootnecessarilyafreemorpheme?

Why?

2.2.1Twotypesofroots

-Freeroot

InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasblackinblack,blackboard,blacksmith.

-Boundroot

However,therearequiteanumberofrootswhichcannotexistontheirownandthusbelongtotheclassofboundmorphemes.Forexample,ceiveinreceive,conceive,perceive,deceive;mitinpermit,commit,submit;taininretain,contain,maintain;curinrecur,occur,incur,etc.

theserootscannotbeusedtoformnewwords.

2.2.2Twotypesofaffixes

Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformative（构词成分）thatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

-Inflectionalaffixes（orinflectionalmorphemes）servetoexpress

thefollowingmeanings:

（1）plurality:

e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;

eninoxen.

（2）thegenitivecase:

e.g.’sinboy’s,children’s.

（3）theverbalendings:

forexample,

a.-（e）sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdperson

singularpresenttense.

b.-inginwordslikeeating,teachingshowsthepresent

participleorgerund.

c.-（e）dinwordslikeworked,savedshowsthepasttenseorpast

participle.

（4）thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees:

e.g.-erinwordslikesmaller,harder;-estinwordslikesmallest,

hardest.

-Derivationalaffixes（orderivationalmorphemes）canbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

•

（1）Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot,e.g:

unjust,rewrite.

Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

task:

listsomeprefixesthatcanmodifythepartsofspeech.

-en-（em-）asinwordslikeembody,enrich

-be-asinwordslikebefriend,belittle

-a-asinwordslikeasleep,aside

•

（2）Suffixesareaffixesaftertheroot,e.g.:

darkness,worker.

Bytheadditionofthesuffix,

thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartof

speechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.

2.3Relationshipbetweenthetwoclassificationsofmorphemes

Morpheme

Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

a）Boundmorphemesaremorphemeswhichalonecanbeusedaswords.

Whatisanallomorph?

Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.

语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。

●Amorphememaytakevariousshapesorforms.

3.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。

ØTwotypesofaffixes:

ØInflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折词缀和派生词缀

⏹Inflectionalaffixesfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。

-s,-es,ing,-er,or-（e）d,est

Derivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemes

Theycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

（1）Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.

e.g.，unjust,rewrite.

Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

（2）Suffixesareaffixesaftertheroot

Bytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.

Root,stem,base词根、词干、词基

Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

⏹Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

⏹Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind（bothderivationalandinflectional）canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.

⏹词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。

⏹词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

⏹词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

⏹词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。

它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。

但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。

词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。

Task:

Analysethewordintermsofroot,stemandbase.

undesirable（n.）:

不是词根（可再分解）；是词干（可以加屈折词缀，如名词复数-s），也是词基。

freemorpheme（自由形位）

Morpheme:

boundroot（粘附词根）

（形位）boundmorpheme（粘附形位）inflectionalaffix（屈折词缀）

affixprefix（前缀）

（词缀）derivationalaffix

（派生词缀）suffix（后缀）

1.Affixation（derivation）词缀法

Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Accordingtothepositionsthataffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses;prefixationandsuffixation.

Prefixation:

Prefixdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclass-changingprefixes.e.g.asleepa（a-+v）,encourageV（en-+n）,unearthV（un-+n）,de-oilV（de-+n）,postw