科技论文写作整理系列7ConclusionWord文件下载.doc
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1-3
内容：
本文主要内容的简括说明，重点显示创新成果及其理论意义与实用价值（小结）。
或：
扼要点明本研究工作与其他文献报道的异同之处，
突出本研究的领先性。
又或：
就讨论的结论，提出解决问题的办法或建议。
简述本研究存在的缺欠，需进一步研究的问题，下一步打算。
1-4
•
根据研究结果和讨论所作出的论断
主要指出：
解决了什么问题，
总结发现的规律，
对前人的研究或见解作了那些修证、补充、发展、证实或否定
1-5
论文的结论部分，应反映论文中通过实验、观察研究并经过理论分析后得到的学术见解。
结论应是该论文的最终的、总体的结论。
换句话说，结论应是整篇论文的结局，而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论，也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。
结论应当体现作者更深层的认识，且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发，经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解
结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。
该部分的写作内容一般应包括以下几个方面：
①本文研究结果说明了什么问题；
②对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定。
③本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向。
1-6
结论是从整个论文引申出来的，以研究结果为基础经过理论思维推导而得，是论证的逻辑发展，因而结论必须与材料、结果、讨论相呼应，后者是前者的支持和保证，凡结果中没有的内容及讨论中未提及的问题或论据不足之点，都不得在结论中出现。
结论是在理性认识的基础上，经过科学的抽象与概括，对事物本质及其规律的一种揭示，也是对论文全部内容的最后论断。
结论必须对当初提出的假说做出回答，包括肯定的和否定的。
结论的提出与形成必须十分审慎，切忌轻率。
结论有如法律条文，表述的形式和使用的字眼必须明确、精炼、完整、准确，不得含糊其词或模棱两可。
结论中可以包括必要的数据，但不宜过多；
应该明确自己的见解和观点，不宜引证他人的理论或尚未明确的问题，也不必要叙述有关观点争论的细节。
2.要点
2-1
内容精炼，观点严谨（既不模棱两可，又不说过头话）；
正面阐述观点，说明与他人不同之处，不反驳、不指责（指正）、更不攻击。
2-2
总结论文中的结论应是由一些简短的短语和句子组成。
除非是为
了特殊的强调，一般不要重复在结果部分已经有的结论。
结论部分应该是像上面说的那
样，而不仅仅只是一个总结。
它应该增加新的，更高层次的分析，并且应该明确的指出
这项工作的意义。
3.写法
3-1
时态根据具体内容而定论述所做的研究工作通常用一般过去时论述普遍现象通常用一般
现在时有时也用一般过去时
Conclusions简述研究内容强调实验结果<
跟Abstract可能有部分重复与Abstract
的区别是Abstract也要强调研究内容>
以叙事为主的风格<
较常用>
Throughinsituobservationduringthepolymerizationreactionofathermotropicmain-chainLCP
underacelectricfieldsusingapolarizingmicroscope,westudiedtheeffectsofexternalfieldsonthe
dynamicresponseofLCphasesindetail.AftertheappearanceoftheLCphase,electricfieldswith
differentvoltagesanddifferentfrequencieswereappliedtothepolymerizationsystem.Thefrequency
andthestrengthofanexternalfielddeterminethedynamicresponseandLCmorphology.Inthe
low-frequencyregion,alowvoltagetendstoinducemolecularorientation,whileahighvoltage
resultsindynamicscattering.Inthemedium-frequencyregion,electrohydrodynamicflowcanbe
clearlyobserved.Withfurtherincreasingfrequency,novisiblechangeisfoundinarelativelylarge
voltagerangebecausethemoleculardirectorinLCPphasecannotresponsesofast.Becauseofthe
continuouschangesinviscosity,elasticconstantsandconductivityduringthepolycondensation
reaction,theelectricresponseoftheLCphasechangeswiththereactiontimeaccordingly.Undera
certainvoltage,thelowandhighboundsofelectrohydrodynamicflowregimedecreasewith
increasingreactiontime.
强调自我的风格
Inthisstudy,wedesignedsmallincrementsinthePEGconcentrationofcopolymerstoexplore
theeffectofPEGonthebiologicalresponsivenessofbiomaterials.InanarrowPEGconcentration
range,wereportthatthePEGconcentrationhadastronglyregulatoryeffectonkeycellular
responses.Wereportthatthespecificbioactivityofadsorbedproteinhadabiphasicdependence
onPEGconcentration….Additionally,ourstudieshighlinetheroleofprotein-PEGinterfaces
withgradedadhesionstrengthincontrollingtherateofcellmigration.Overall,ourworkoffersa
newparadigmwhereby,thepresenceoflowsurfaceconcentrationofPEGonbiomaterial
surfacesmayregulatetheonsetanddynamicsofcelladhesionphenomena.Theseobservations
couldhaveimportantimplicationsintissueengineering,particularlyfordesignofsubstrates
thatelicitahighdegreeofcellattachmentwhileoptimizingtherateofcellmigration.
Furthermore,sincetheconformationofadsorbedcelladhesionproteincanplayacrucialrolein
determiningwhethercellsproliferateordifferentiate[46],thepresenceofsmallamountsofPEG
onbiomaterialsurfacesmayalsoproveusefultoswitchthebalancebetweencellgrowthand
differentiation.
以下句式经常可在此部分见到
Theresultsobtainedinthisworkallowtheconclusionthat…
Inconclusion,…
Insummary,fromtheresultsobtaineduptillnow,thefollowingcanbestated:
…
3-2
WritingtheConclusion
Warm-up
Thinkaboutthefollowingquestions:
AretheresomerulesofthumbthatIshouldkeepinmindwhenIwriteaconclusion?
Whatarethecommonproblemsintheconclusionparagraphs?
Whyweneedaconclusion?
Elaboration
Aconcludingparagraphservesasasummaryofthewritingprecedingit（whatwaslearned）.Inmostcases,however,youwillwanttomovebeyondsummation;
youwillwanttoexpandonyourthesisbyincludingdirectionsforfutureresearch（whatremainstobelearned）,evaluationoftheresearch（thebenefits,advantages,applications,shortcomings,etcofwhatwasdone）,andrecommendations.Besides,aconclusionshouldstriveforasenseofcompletenessforthepaper.Conclusionsareoftenthemostdifficultpartofanessaytowrite,andmanywritersfeelthattheyhavenothinglefttosayafterhavingdonesomuchworkonthebody.Buttheconcludingparagraphisthelastpartoftheessaythatyourreaderwillseeandoftenwhatyourreaderrememberbest.Therefore,yourconclusionshouldbethebestpartofyourpaper.
Thereisnoformulaforaconclusion.Whatformaconclusionwilltakeentirelydependsonwhatprecedesit.Inintroduction,younarrowfromgeneraltospecific;
inconclusiononthecontrary,youexpand.Beginbyrestatingyourthesis,retracingthestepsofyourargument.Bydoingsoyouremindthereaderofhowthecomponentsoftheessayfittogetherandstrengthentheircumulativeeffect.Becausethisparagraphisaconclusion,youmustbeconclusive;
thatis,youmustpresentyourthesisinitsfinal,mostpersuasiveform.TheseconcludinglinesfromCarlJung'
s"
ApproachingtheUnconscious"
areanexampleofhowathesiscanbebroadenedattheendofanessay:
Ouractualknowledgeoftheunconsciousshowsthatitisanaturalphenomenonandthat,likeNatureitself,itisatleastneutral.Itcontainsallaspectsofhumannature--lightanddark,beautifulandugly,goodandevil,profoundandsilly.Thestudyofindividual,aswellasofcollective,symbolismisanenormoustask,andonethathasnotyetbeenmastered.Butabeginninghasbeenmadeatlast.Theearlyresultsareencouraging,andtheyseemtoindicateananswertomanysofarunansweredquestionsofpresent-daymankind.
Theparagraphmovesfromaconclusionaboutthesubjectoftheessaytoaconsiderationoftheimpactofthesubjectmatter（inthiscase,thestudyofthesymbolicnatureoftheunconsciousmind）uponsociety.
Commonproblemsinwritingaconcludingparagraph
1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oftentheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.
2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake.
3.Failuretocommentonlarger,moresignificantissues.Whereasintheintroductionyourtaskwastomovefromgeneral（yourfield）tospecific（yourresearch）,intheconcludingsectionyourtaskistomovefromspecific（yourresearch）backtogeneral（yourfield,howyourresearchwillaffecttheworld）.Inotherwords,intheconclusionyoushouldputyourresearchincontext.
4.Failuretorevealthecomplexitiesofaconclusionorsituation.Negativeaspectsofyourresearchshouldnotbeignored.Problems,drawbacksetc.canbeincludedinsummaryinyourconclusionsectionasawayofqualifyingyourconclusions（i.e.pointingoutthenegativeaspects,eveniftheyareoutweighedbythepositiveaspects）.
5.Lackofaconcisesummaryofwhatwaslearned.Inordertobeabletodiscusshowyourresearchfitsbackintoyourfieldofstudy（andtheworldatlarge）youneedtosummarizeitverybriefly.Oftenthesummaryisonlyafewsentences.
6.Failuretomatchtheobjectivesoftheresearch.Oftenresearchobjectiveschangewhiletheresearchisbeingcarriedout.Thisisnotaproblemunlessyouforgettogobackandrewriteyouroriginalobjectivesinyourintroductionsothattheyaccuratelyreflectwhatyouweretryingtoaccomplishinyourresearch（notwhatyouthoughtyoumightaccomplishwhenyoubegan）.Hereisanexampleofanobjectiveandconclusionthatdonotmatch:
Objective:
Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheimpactofroadbuildingonvillagesonruralcommunities.
Conclusion:
Themodelproducedinthisstudycanaccuratelypredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonvillagesinsouthwestChina.
Ifwerewritetheobjectivetomatchwhatweactuallydid（wedevelopedamodel）,itwillfittheconclusion:
Rewrittenobjective:
Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopamodeltopredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonruralcommunities.
Warning
1.Don'
tdependonyourconclusiontosumupthebodyparagraphs.Yourparagraphsshouldflownaturallyintooneanotherandconnectionsshouldbemadeamongthem.Summarycanbeanimportantfunctionofconclusionsbutkeepthispartbrief;
avoidrepeating,word-for-word,astatementyouhavemadeearlierinthepaper.
2.Don'
tsimplyrepeatyourintroduction.Trytotalkaboutyourtopicinanewway.Thetoneofyourconclusionisdifferentbecausethereaderhasfinishedyourpaper.
3.Don'
tendyourconclusionwithaquotationorwithastatementthatcouldverywellbethesubjecto
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