Castawaycolonialism鲁滨逊漂流记中的殖民主义论文资料.docx

Castawaycolonialism鲁滨逊漂流记中的殖民主义论文资料.docx

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Castawaycolonialism鲁滨逊漂流记中的殖民主义论文资料

XXXX大学

2016—2017学年第一学期期末考试

论文题目Castawaycolonialism:

DanielDefoe'sRobinsonCrusoe

课程代码及课序号ENG697-3

课程名称

英美文学作品赏析

学号.

XXXX

姓名

XXXX

学院.

XXXX

专业

XXXX

考试时间

2016.12.27

Contents

I.Introduction3

II・Supportivediscussion4

IH.In-depthanalysis8

IV.Conclusion11

V.Referenee13

.Introduction

DanielDefoe'RsobinsonCrusoe,aclassicinEnglishliterature,andregardedbymanyasthefirstEnglishnovel,hasbeeninterpretedindifferentways.FirstitisareligiousandmoralallegoryasstressedbyDefoehimselfinthePreface.Also,Rousseauwasinspiredbyitto“ReturntoNature

Marxregardeditasameretriciousmodelofeconomicindependence.Andaboveall,therecentstudiesregardCrusoeasthefirstcolonialistinEnglishliterature.EvenJ.M.Coetzee'snove-l,imFaogeinisgaofreRobinsonCrusoe

ongroundsofgender,raceandcolonialism.Onthewhole,thecolonialapproachisoneofthemajorconcernsofRobinsonCrusoetothecriticsandreaders:

thetrytoanalyzethethemeofcolonialisminRobinsonCrusoe,postcolonialisminRobinsonCrusoe,RobinsonCrusoecolonialismandimperialismorRobinsonCrusoecolonialismquotes.

RobinsonCrusoeiswell-knownasapowerfuladventurestoryofaseafaringperson.Thebooktellsthetaleofamaroonedindividualwhothroughrelentlessefforts‘buildshisownempireinadesertedisland.But,it

notanadventurestoryonly;itcanbereadatmultiplelevels.

Spatially,RobinsonCrusoeillustratesthatthevastnessoftheglobecanbringacorrespondingenlargement,ratherthanshrinking,oftheventuringselfandcanproducecloseself-reflectionofakindnoteasytoachievein“civilizedsoc”iety.Religiously,thenoveldemonstratesthataspiritual

awakeningcantakeplaceinisolationfromsocietyandcanbecrystallizedwhenanEnglishmansubordinatesandconvertsanon-European.Economically,Defoe'nsovelfunctionsasanargumentfortheexpansionoftrade.Andpsychologically,RobinsonCrusoeshowsthatrelationswithanaliencanhoneanegothatcanmasterbothitsownselfhoodandthedestinyofothers.”

II.Supportivediscussion

ThatRobinsonCrusoefeaturesaBritishtraderastheheroandthenovelissetonadistantCaribbeanislandcriesoutforinterpretationofthetextinthecolonialcontexts.Onthesurface,thenovelisapowerfuladventurestorywhichdealswiththefortuneofastrong-willedandshipwreckedmanandhissubsequentstruggleforsurvivalinadesertedisland.But,onanotherlevel,thebookcanbeinterpretedasanallegoricaljourneytoimperialism.Infact,RobinsonCrusoeiscommonlyregardedastheprototypicalcolonialnoveloftheeighteenthcentury.Criticshavepointedoutcolonialelementsinthebook.Inthisregard,EdwardSaidcomme'nstisnoteworthy;hesaysthatRobinsonCrusoeis“aworkwhoseprotagonististhefounderofanewworld,whichherulesandreclaimsforChristianityandEngland”.

ColonialismisoneoftheimportantaspectsofthenovelRobinsonCrusoe.Theadventurestoryofthebookisrelatedinarealistway.Robinson

snovel.IanWattin

CrusoeandhislifestoryareatthecoreofDefoe

TheRiseoftheNovelidentifiesRobinsonCrusoeasthefirstnovelpreciselybecauseofthedetailedattentionDefoegivesan“ordinaryin”dividual.Thestoryapparentlyisanordinaryone.Crusoe'josurneybeginsonprecariousgrounds-heisnearlyswallowedbyastorm,enslavedbyMoors,andshipwreckedonanuninhabitedislandfrequentedbycannibalsandlocatedinthemiddleoftheSpanishEmpire-Crusoegraduallylearnshowtoasserthimselfoverlandandpeople.Inshort,thecolonialsettingfacilitatesCrusoeindividualismashecomestorecognizetheuniqueplaceheoccupiesasaBritishProtestantinaworldinwhichheissurroundedbyreligiousandculturalOthers.

ThefirstpartofthestoryofRobinsonCrusoebeginswithCrusoe

strandedandmaroonedinaninhabitedisland,farfromtherestoftheworld.

Insuchacondition,hebeginshisstruggleforexistenceandconsequentlysucceeds.Inasense,Crusoeattemptstoreplicatehisownsocietyorcolonyontheisland.ThishasbeenachievedthroughapplicationofsomequalitiesofCrusoe,andsomeinstruments,andproperhandlingofdifferentsituations.

First,thequalitiesbydintofwhichCrusoehasbeenabletochangetheislandinhabitabletohabitable,arehiscourage,hardstrugglewithsituation,determination,devotion,creativity.

Then,inordertomakehiscolonyinhabitableandcultivable,heappliesEuropeantechnologyandagriculture.Hebrings,fromthestrandedship,alargenumberofarticlesandcorpswhichareusefultohiminhisdesolateconditionontheisland.Thesethingsincludeseveralitemsoffood,severalweaponse.g.gunsandpistols,considerableammunitionincludinggunpowder,suchtoolsassaws,andaxe,ahammer,severalbottlesofrum,aboxofsugar,ahammock,someclothing,somebedding,somemoney,thoughuselessatthatsituation.Usingthesethings,dayafterdayforalongtimeCrusoeestablishesasocietyofhisowninwhichtherecomesomeothermenbyaccident.

Crusoeestablishes“arudimentarypoliticalhierarchyusoe”,inthela

severaltimesinthenovel,referstohimselfasthe‘king'ofthe

ownword-“asecretkindofPleasure...tothinkthatthiswasallmyown,thatIwaskingandlordofallthiscountryindefeasibly,andhadarightofPossession.”

Theidealizedmaster-servantrelationshipDefoedepictsbetweenCrusoeandFridaycanalsobeseenintermsofculturalimperialism.Crusoerepresentsthe"enlightened"EuropeanwhilstFridayisthe"savage"whocanonlyberedeemedfromhissupposedlybarbarouswayoflifethroughtheassimilationofCrusoe'sculture.

Crusoesaves,forhisownpurpose,aprisonerwhowasrunningawayfromtheclutchesofsomecannibals.Whenheseesit,hethinks“,Itcamenowverywarmlyuponmythoughts,andindeedirresistibly,thatnowwasmytimetogetmeaservant,andperhapsaCompanion,orAssistant.Crusoenames”

theprisonerFriday,introduceshimselftohimas‘Mastera'nd,teacheshim

Ianguageactuallyforhisownbenefitlikethecolonists.Hesays—'Wasgreatlydelightedwithhim,andmadeitmyBusinesstoteachhimeverything,thatwaspropertomakehimuseful,handy,andhelpful;butespeciallytomakehimspeak,andunderstandmewhatIspeak.”

Thecolonialistscometocolonieswithsomemissionwiththem.SimilarlyCrusoe'smissionistopreach.Tomakeiteasyandtocommunicate

withFridayhetaughthimlanguage.WhenCrusoeknowsfromhimabouttheirfalseGod,Beramucke,hebeginspreaching-“IbegantoinstructhimintheknowledgeofthetrueGod”

ThoughCrusoeleaveshisislandforEngland,heleavesanunseencontrolovertheland.InsteadofhisbeingsettledinEngland,helongsforgoingtoadventureagain.HemakesavoyagetoEastIndiesandtotheislandwhichheexplicitlycallshis“Colon”.Hesays—“InthisvoyageIvisitedmynewColonyintheIsland,sawmysuccessorstheSpaniards,hadthewholestoryoftheirlives,andoftheVillainsIleftthere.”

Weseehere,CrusoeisverykindofFridaybutthereisofcoursedifferencebetween‘we'and‘theyb'e,tweenmy‘Man'andmy‘Master'.Actuallytherelationbetweenthecolonizerandthecolonizedisheresoftbecomebothofthemareatstakeandininitialstagewherethereisnorevoltbetweenthem.

IH.In-depthanalysis

BrettC.Mclnellycommentsthat“RobinsonCrusoestandsasanallegory

orfigureofcolonialism.Defoetransformscolonialismthroughthepoweroffictionalrepresentationintotheadventuresofasinglemanwhomastersanisland,hisnativecompanion,andhimself.Hisformalrealismworkstoenfoldthemythsofpsychologicalandeconomicself-sufficiencyinatextureofconvincingdetail.A”swereadthenovel,itsprotagonist,Crusoegraduallyunfoldstousasaprototypecolonizer.AfterbeingstrandedinadesertedislandCrusoethroughrelentlesseffortsestablisheshiscontrolovertheislandandthusshapeshisownempire.InthenovelCrusoetakesonsignificanceasacharacterbecausehestandsasastableandcoherentsubjectinthewakeofanexpandingempire.Hepossessesthemindsetofacolonizer.Heisafighterwhostruggleshardtoestablishhisself-importanceanddominance.Ontheisland,Crusoeconstantlyfacesphysicalperil,bothrealandimagined.Hefindshimselfinalandscapethatcouldeasilyoverpowerhim.But,Crusoerespondspositivelytoconfirmhisself-importance.Surveyinghiscircumstancesontheisland,Crusoeimagineshimself“LordofthewholeMannor;orifIpleas'd,ImightcallmyselfKing,orEmperoroverthewholeCountrywhichIhadpossessionof”.Insteadofshrinkinginterrorinanalien

environmentCrusoeimagineshimselfingrandioseterms—asa“King,orEmperor”.ThisshowsthatCrusoesawhimselfasthefounderofthisisland;

andaccordingtolawintheeighteenthcentury,Islandsoftheseabelongedtothefirstinhabitant.Asthebookprogressesitsobviou'sthatCrusoestartstothinkofhimselfastheabsoluterulerorlawmakeroftheisland.

Crusoerefashionshimselfandtheisland.HiswayofestablishinggradualcontrolovertheislandandhistreatmentofFridaymakehimanarchetypeofcolonization.Crusoenotonlytakesphysicalcontrolofthingsbuthealsoconfirmslinguisticandculturaldominancetoo.Hemakeslawsfortheisland,givesnamestodifferentplacesandthingsontheislandandbydoingsohebothcreatesandassumescontroloverhisislandhome.“Byrenaming[Friday],N”ovakstatesinhisarticle“Friday:

or,thePowerofNaming,”“CrusoeassumespossessionofhiminthesamewaythatColumbusuamssedpossessionofthela