英语阅读与写作6.docx

英语阅读与写作6.docx

《英语阅读与写作6.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语阅读与写作6.docx（16页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

英语阅读与写作6

模拟试题

（二）

Part1Translation（30%）

SectionA

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishtoChinese.（10%）

1.Askpeoplehowtheyare,andtheywillanswerintermsoftheirfamilylife,communitylifeandworklife,ratherthanjustwhattheyarepaid.

2.Flunkingasaregularpolicyhasjustasmuchmerittodayasitdidtwogenerationsago.

3.Iknowoneexampledoesn'tmakeacase,butatnightIseeaparadeofstudentswhoareangryandresentfulforhavingbeenpassedalonguntiltheycouldnolongerevenpretendtokeepup.

4.Asaresult,thescientificstudiesoftheeraoftenfailedtofindclearevidenceofseriouspathologyandhadtheperverseeffectofexoneratingthecigarette.

5.Thereislittlepointindenyingtheobviousdarksidetothelackofself-constraintsencouragedbye-mail.

SectionB

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromChinesetoEnglish.（10%）

1.我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。

2.他们依靠问一些片面的问题，并用片面的研究来解答，从而为烟草业提供了正好需要的挡箭牌。

3.电子邮件以及所有在线交流，实际上是一种全新的东西。

4.的确，电子邮件有别于面对面的交往、打电话或者借助其他媒介的交际。

。

5.一旦你找寻到了内心真实的呼唤，你会持续不断地去进一步了解它。

SectionC

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese.（5%）

Tensofthousandsof18-year-oldswillgraduatethisyearandbehandedmeaninglessdiplomas.Thesediplomaswon'tlookanydifferentfromthoseawardedtheirluckierclassmates.Theirvaliditywillbequestionedonlywhentheiremployersdiscoverthatthesegraduatesaresemiliterate.

SectionD

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChinesetoEnglish.（5%）

这些年来，一直有人不断地问我，要如何做才能更成功。

很多隋况下，人们从事自己并不喜欢的工作，为自己并不特别尊敬的老板干活，对购买自己产品或服务的顾客并不在乎。

Part2ReadingComprehension（20%）

SectionA

Fastreading（10%）

Directions:

Gooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.

AreyouaCokeorPepsidrinker?

DoyoupullintoMcDonald'sgoldenarchesorpreferto"haveityourway"atBurgerKing?

Whenitcomestotoothpaste,whichflavorgetsyoubrushing,ColgateorCrest?

Ifyouthinkit'sjustyourtastebudsthatguidethesepreferences,youmaybesurprisedbywhatneuroscientistsarediscoveringwhentheypeerinsidethebrainasitmakeseverydaychoiceslikethese.

Don'tworry--noone'sscanningyourheadasyoustandinfrontofthebeverageaisleorsitinlineatthedrive-through.Instead,brainscientistsareaskingvolunteerstoponderpurchasingchoiceswhilelyinginsidehigh-techbrainscanners.Theresultingreal-timeimagesindicatewhereandhowthebrainanalyzesoptions,weighsrisksandrewards,factorsinexperiencesandemotionsandultimatelysetsapreference."Wecanusebrainimagingtogaininsightintothemechanismsbehindpeople'sdecisionsinawaythatisoftendifficulttogetatsimplybyaskingapersonorwatchingtheirbehavior,"saysDr.GregoryBerns,apsychiatristatEmoryUniversity.

Toscientists,it'sallpartofthelargerquestionofhowthehumanbrainmakesdecisions.ButtheanswersmaybeinvaluabletoBigBusiness,whichplowedanestimated$8billionin2006intomarketresearchinanefforttopredict--andsway--howwewouldspendourmoney.Inthepast,marketersreliedonrelativelycrudemeasuresofwhatgotusbuying:

focus-groupquestionnairesandmeasurementsofeyemovementsandperspirationpatterns（themoreexcitedyougetaboutsomething,themoreyoutendtosweat）.Nowresearcherscangostraighttothedeciderinchief--thebrainitself,openingthedoortoacontroversialnewfielddubbedneuromarketing.

Fornow,mostoftheresearchispurelyacademic,althoughevenbrainexpertsanticipatethatit'sjustamatteroftimebeforetheirfindingsbecomearoutinepartofanysmartcorporation'smarketingplans.Somelessons,particularlyabouthowthebraininterpretsbrandnames,arealreadyenticingadvertisers.Take,forexample,theclassictastetest.P.ReadMontagueofBaylorCollegeofMedicineperformedhisversionofthePepsiChallengeinsideafunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging（fMRI）machinein2004.Montaguegave67peopleablindtastetestofbothCokeandPepsi,thenplacedhissubjectsinthescanner,whosemagneticfieldmeasureshowactivecellsarebyrecordinghowmuchoxygentheyconsumeforenergy.Aftertastingeachdrink,allthevolunteersshowedstrongactivationoftherewardareasofthebrain--whichareassociatedwithpleasureandsatisfaction--andtheywerealmostevenlysplitintheirpreferencesforthetwobrands.ButwhenMontaguerepeatedthetestandtoldthemwhattheyweredrinking,threeoutoffourpeoplesaidtheypreferredCoke,andtheirbrainsshowedwhy:

notonlyweretherewardsystemsactive,butmemoryregionsinthemedialprefrontalcortexandhippocampusalsolitup."Thisshowedthatthebrandalonehasvalueinthebrainsystemaboveandbeyondthedesireforthecontentofthecan,"saysMontague.Inotherwords,allthosehappy,energeticandglamorouspeopledrinkingCokeincommercialsdidexactlywhattheyweresupposedtodo:

seepedintothebrainandleftassociationssopowerfultheycouldevenoverrideapreferenceforthetasteofPepsi.

StanfordneuroscientistBrianKnutsonhaszeroedinonamoreprimitiveaspectofmakingchoices."Wecomeequippedtoassesspotentiallygoodthingsandpotentiallybadthings,"hesays."Thereshouldbestuffinyourbrainthatpromotesyoursurvival,whetheryouhavelearnedthosethingsornot--suchasbeingscaredofthedarkortheunknown."Knutsoncallstheseanticipatoryemotions,andhebelievesthatevenbeforethecognitiveareasofthebrainarebroughtintoassessoptions,thesemoreintuitiveandemotionalregionsarealreadyprimingthedecision-makingprocessandcanforeshadowtheoutcome.Suchprimitivetriggersalmostcertainlyaffordedsurvivaladvantagestoourancestorswhentheydecidedwhichplantstopickorwhichcavestoenter,butKnutsonsurmisesthatvestigesofthissystemareatworkaswemakemoremundanechoicesatthemall.There,it'sthematchbetweenthevalueofaproductanditspricethattriggersananticipationofpleasureorpain.

Totesthistheory,Knutsonandhisteamdevisedawaytomimicthesesameintuitivereactionsinthelab.Hegavesubjects$20eachand,whiletheywereinthefMRImachine,presentedthemwithpicturesof80products,eachfollowedbyaprice.Subjectsthenhadtheoptionofpurchasingeachitemondisplay.Astheyviewedproductstheypreferred,Knutsonsawactivityinthenucleusaccumbens,aregionofthebraininvolvedinanticipatingpleasantoutcomes.If,ontheotherhand,thesubjectsthoughtthepriceoftheseitemswastoohigh,therewasincreasedactivityintheinsula---anareainvolvedinanticipatingpain."Theideaisthatifyoucanlookintopeople'sbrainsrightbeforetheymakecertaindecisions,youcangetahandleonthesetwofeelingsanddoabetterjobofpredictingwhattheyareabouttodo,"Knutsonsays."Ibelieveanticipatoryemotionsnotonlybiasbutdrivedecisionmaking."

Allofthis,ofcourse,iswhirringalongatthebrain'ssplit-secondpace,andasimagingtechnologyimproves,Knutsonishopefulthatheandotherswillbeabletoseeinevenmoredetailthecircuitsinthebrainactivatedduringadecision.Already,accordingtoMontague,theseimageshaverevealedsurprisingthingsabouthowthebrainparesdownthedecision-makingprocessbysettingupshortcutstomakeitsanalysismoreefficient.Tosavetime,thebraindoesn'trunthroughthelaundrylistofrisks,benefitsandvaluejudgmentseachtime.Wheneveritcan,itreliesonatypeof"quickkey"thattakesadvantageofexperiencesandstoredinformation.That'swherethingslikebrands,familiarityandtrustcomein--they'reashortcutforknowingwhattoexpect."Yourunfromthedevilyouknow,"saysMontague."Andyouruntothebrandthatyouknow,becausetositthereanddeliberatechewsuptime,andthatmakesyoulessefficientthanthenextguy."

That'scertainlymusictoadvertisers'ears,but,warnneuroscientists,it'sunlikelythatourpurchasingbehaviorfollowsasinglepathway.Montague,forone,isinvestigatinghowfactorsliketrust,altruismandthefeelingofobligationwhensomeonedoesyouafavorcandivertandmodifystepsinthedecision-makingtree."Thecapacitytousebrainresponsesandrelatethemtobehaviorhasacceleratedatabreathtakingpaceoverthepastfouryearsandyieldedanincredibleamountofinformation,"hesays.Howmarketersusethatdatatohonetheirmessagesremainstobeseen.

1.Whowerediscoveringwhentheypeerinsidethebrainasitmakeseverydaychoiceslikethesepreferencesaccordingtothispassage?

AprofessorsfromuniversityBneuroscientists

CpsychiatristDsciencefictionwriter

2.WhatcanwelearnfromDr.GregoryBernswhoisapsychiatristatEmoryUniversity?

Apeople'sdecisionscanbeeasilyfoundindailylife

Bpeople'sdecisionsalwaysmysterious

Cpeople'sdecisionscanbediscoveredbycomputerandotherequipments

Dpeople'sdecisionscanbeseethroughtheirbehavior

3.Whomaypaymoreattentiontothenewstudyaboutpeople’spreference?

Abigbusiness

Buniversity

Cscientists

Dchemist

4.Takingthe“theversionofthePepsiChallenge”asanexample,whatmaythewriterwanttotellus?

AmorepeopleprefercoketoPepsi

Btheimportanceofadvertisement

Chowtoimproveourthinkingstyle

Dleftassociationssopowerfulthattheycouldevenoverrideapreferenceforthetasteofdrinks

5.HowdidBrianKnutsondescribethefeelingofthestuffinyourbrainthatpromotesyoursurvival?

Aasanticipatoryemotions,

Bmotivation

Cambition

Doutofcontrol

6.WhydidKnutsonandhisteamdeviseawaytomimicthesesameintuitivereactionsinthelab?

ATotesthistheoryBThereisaproblemintheexperiment

Cthegovernmentaskthemto