语言学第2章习题.docx

语言学第2章习题.docx

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语言学第2章习题

Chapter2：

Phonology 

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.    VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. 

2.    Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. 

3.    Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. 

4.    EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. 

5.    Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. 

6.    Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. 

7.    Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. 

8.    Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thethroat,themouthandthechest. 

9.    Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing. 

10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. 

11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. 

12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:

thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. 

13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. 

14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. 

15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. 

16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. 

17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning. 

18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. 

19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. 

20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21．     A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds. 

22．     A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer. 

23． Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,,theyareallb_______sounds. 

24．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. 

25．     Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation. 

26．     Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________. 

27．     S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. 

28．     Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds ____rules. 

29．     Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. 

30．     Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. 

31．     P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. 

32．     Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:

thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity. 

33．     T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes. 

34．     Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:

wordstressands_________stress.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

35．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.

A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocalcords 

36．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.

   A.voiceless          B.voiced

   C.vowel            D.consonantal

37．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.

       A./z/             B./d/

     C./k/             D./b/ 

38．     Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.

     A.identical              B.same

       C.exactlyalike           D.similar 

39．     Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.

    A.inphonemiccontrast     B.incomplementarydistribution

      C.theallophones          D.minimalpair 

40．     Thesound/f/is_________________.

 A.voicedpalatalaffricate      B.voicedalveolarstop

 C.voicelessvelarfricative      D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative 

41. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition. 

    A.back            B.central

C.front            D.middle 

42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.

 A.phoneticcomponents       B.immediateconstituents

      C.suprasegmentalfeatures      D.semanticfeatures 

43.A（n）___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue. Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

    A.phone            B.sound

      C.allophone           D.phoneme 

44．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.

  A.phones          B.sounds

  C.phonemes         D.allophones 

Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

     16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Aspiration  23. bilabial 24.tongue 25.place

26.stop  27.Suprasegmental 28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation

31.Phonology 32.oral 33.Tone 34.sentence

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology        46.phoneme      

48.internationalphoneticalphabet   

49.intonation        50.phonetics     51.auditoryphonetics

52.acousticphonetics    53.phone       54.phonemiccontrast     55.tone          56.minimalpair

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting？

58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels？

59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics？

60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.

61. Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot

Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises

，

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology:

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

46.phoneme:

Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

47.allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

48.internationalphoneticalphabet:

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription. 

49.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

50.phonetics:

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages

51.auditoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

52.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

53.phone:

Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneis